Bagaimanakah Terciptanya Minyak Bumi?
(Source: Ihsan, Zainoel. Crude Oil. Jakarta: Publisher inscription archipelago.)
In the ancient times there are different kinds of ancient animals are countless.There are big ones and some small ones big ones unmitigated magnitude and a small amount of many millions. In addition, there is a tree that big and forests are very dense.
Over a hundred million years, the fossil skeleton or former ancient animals that have died, along with the former vegetation washed away by streams from land to sea and eventually buried under silt and sand the ocean floor.
As you know, most parts of our planet in the days of old, consisting of oceans and lakes are vast. Deposits that over millions of years the bertimbunan and thicken up a hundred, even a thousand feet. From fossil deposits or frame the animals and plants that for hundreds of years the process of oil formation. Because the weight of sediment layers overlap, coupled with the pressure of seawater, sediments fossils mixed with sand and umpur it turned into a rock called sedimentary. Among the sedimentary rocks that was also the case of small granules attached to one another, but in between them there are pores or small holes that can be penetrated by liquids. The grains are very fine sediment in the oceans was further from the beach than the grains are bigger and rugged shape and then form a clay called flakes or in the language inggrinya "shale".
Under heavy pressure from the layers of rock that are on it, which consisted of petroleum oil, gas, and water squeezed from rock lut original (source rocks) are very fine grained rock into larger-grained rocks and porous to hold the oil. In the porous rock, oil, gas and water collects and can not move up and to the side, because of the layers that can not be penetrated by the porous rock around it.
Thus the formation of the oil that lasted backwards, the ages for millions of years, some experts suspect, that petroleum is formed at least in the past 200, 300 to 500 million years ago.
While the oil formation process takes place, the shape of the surface of the earth is changing. Most of the earth's crust pushed up, some down. On the other, the other times as well, depressed rock layers to the side, so wrinkled or folded and cracked, so the earth was formed as what we see now with the mountains and valleys, continents and samudaera -samuderanya. There are areas of sediment rocks contain oil and formerly under the seabed. That is why, the rocks that contain oil, not always under the sea floor, but is part of the mainland.
Sometimes the oil to the surface of the earth through cracks and layers of sedimentary rock where accidental fire, he will constantly be menurs lit an eternal flame. The oil will be thick because of the sun and by ordinary people in ancient times used as putty boat or vessel made of wood. In the XVI century, in a sea battle in the straits of Sumatra, Aceh fleet managed to expel the Portuguese fleet retreated (Alfonso D'Albuquerque) by using the "balls of fire" is first dipped in oil.
In the process of fusion occurring sediment layer, once formed oil, causing the oil moves to find a lot of layers of microscopic holes (small holes, pores or porous), and they become one or collected. The layers are called "reservoir bed" or "resevour rock" which means the storage reservoir. Because of the large natural changes that affect the layers of rock, the traps containing various kinds of oil.One type is called antiklinal, where rock layers curved crease when movement occurs in the layers of the earth. Under this antiklinal lengung gather oil, gas dengna above, the oil in the middle and below the water according to the weight of their own kind. Wanderings then stalled in part covered by the solid rocks in the English language called "cap rock", which eventually trapped oil, as the layers of rock that can not be penetrated by liquids, blocking the fluid moves upward dank e side. If the drilling of oil wells do to penetrate the layers of rock antiklinal, then the oil can be achieved and channeled upward.
Therefore, prior to drilling oil wells, must first be determined the location of the traps sedimentary rocks that may contain oil.
(Sumber: Ihsan, Zainoel. Minyak Bumi. Jakarta: Penerbit Prasasti Nusantara.)
Pada waktu zaman purbakala terdapat berjenis-jenis binatang purba yang tak terhitung jumlahnya. Ada yang besar-besar dan ada pula yang kecil-kecil yang besar-besar tak kepalang tanggung besarnya dan yang kecil-kecil jumlahnya berjuta-juta banyaknya. Di samping itu, terdapat pohon-pohonan yang besar-besar dan hutan-hutan yang sangat lebat.
Selama beratus-ratus juta tahun, fosil atau bekas kerangka binatang-binatang purba yang sudah mati itu, bersama-sama dengan bekas tumbuh-tumbuhan dihanyutkan oleh aliran-aliran sungai dari daratan ke lautan dan lama-kelamaan terbenam di bawah endapan lumpur dan pasir di dasar lautan.
Sebagaimana kamu ketahui, kebanyakan bagian bumi kita ini di zaman purbakala, terdiri dari lautan dan danau-danau yang maha luas. Endapan-endapan itu selama berjuta-juta tahun lamanya semakin bertimbunan dan menebal sampai beratus-ratus, malahan beribu-ribu meter. Dari endapan-endapan fosil atau kerangka binatang-binatang dan tumbuh-tumbuhan itulah selama beratus-ratus tahun lamanya terjadi proses pembentukan minyak. Karena beratnya tindihan lapisan-lapisan endapan itu, ditambah dengan tekanan air laut, endapan-endapan fosil yang bercampur pasir dan umpur itu berubah menjadi batu yang disebut sedimen. Di antara batu-batu sedimen itu ada juga yang terjadi dari butiran-butiran kecil yang melekat satu dengan yang lainnya, tetapi di sela-selanya masih terdapat pori-pori atau lubang-lubang yang kecil dapat ditembus oleh cairan. Butiran-butiran yang sangat halus itu mengendap di lautan lebih jauh dari pantai daripada butiran-butiran yang bentuknya lebih besar dan kasar dan kemudian membentuk tanah liat yang disebut serpih atau dalam bahasa inggrinya “shale”.
Di bawah tekanan yang sangat berat dari lapisan-lapisan batuan yang terdapat di atasnya, minyak bumi yang terdiri dari minyak, gas, dan air lut terperas dari batuan aslinya (batuan sumber) yaitu batuan yang berbutir sangat halus ke dalam batuan yang berbutir lebih besar dan berpori-pori yang dapat menampung minyak itu. Di dalam batuan yang berpori itu, minyak, gas dan air terkumpul dan tak dapat bergerak ke atas dan ke samping, karena adanya lapisan-lapisan yang tidak dapat ditembus di sekeliling batuan yang berpori itu.
Demikianlah proses pembentukan minyak itu berlangsung dari masa kemasa, zaman ke zaman selama berjuta-juta tahun, beberapa orang ahli menduga, bahwa minyak bumi itu terbentuk paling sedikit dalam masa 200, 300 sampai 500 juta tahun yang silam.
Sementara proses pembentukan minyak itu berlangsung, bentuk permukaan bumi mengalami perubahan. Sebagian kulit bumi terdorong ke atas, sebagian lagi menurun. Di bagian lain, pada masa-masa yang lain pula, lapisan batu tertekan ke samping, sehingga berkerut atau terlipat dan retak-retak, demikianlah bumi terbentuk seperti apa yang kita lihat sekarang dengan gunung-gunung dan lembah-lembahnya, benua-benua dan samudaera-samuderanya. Ada daerah-daerah yang batu sedimennya mengandung minyak dan dahulunya berada di bawah dasar laut. Itulah sebabnya, batu-batu yang mengandung minyak, tidak selamanya berada di bawah dasar laut, tetapi merupakan bagian dari daratan.
Kadang-kadang minyak itu muncul ke permukaan bumi melalui retakan-retakan lapisan batu sedimen dan bilamana kebetulan terbakar, ia akan terus-menurs menyala menjadi api abadi. Minyak itu akan menjadi kental karena terkena sinar matahari dan oleh orang-orang awam pada zaman dahulu dipergunakan sebagai dempul perahu atau kapal yang terbuat dari kayu. Dalam abad ke-XVI, dalam pertempuran laut di selat Sumatera, armada Aceh berhasil mengusir mundur armada Portugis (Alfonso D’Albuquerque) dengan menggunakan “bola-bola api” yang terlebih dahulu dicelupkan dalam minyak itu.
Dalam proses perpaduan lapisan sedimen yang terjadi , setelah terbentuk minyak, menyebabkan minyak itu bergerak mencari lapisan-lapisan yang banyak berlubang renik (lubang kecil-kecil, pori atau porous) dan mereka menjadi satu atau terkumpul. Lapisan-lapisan itu disebut “reservoir bed” atau “resevour rock” yang berarti waduk penyimpanan. Karena banyaknya perubahan alam yang mempengaruhi lapisan-lapisan batu, maka perangkap-perangkap yang mengandung minyak bermacam-macam jenisnya. Salah satu jenis disebut antiklinal, dimana lapisan-lapisan batu melengkung pada saat gerakan lipatan terjadi pada lapisan-lapisan bumi. Di bawah lengung antiklinal ini minyak berkumpul, dengna gas di atas, minyak di tengah dan air dibawah sesuai dengan berat jenisnya masing-masing. Pengembaraannya kemudian terhenti pada bagian yang ditutupi oleh batuan-batuan padat yang dalam bahasa inggrisnya disebut “cap rock”, dimana akhirnya minyak terperangkap, karena lapisan-lapisan batu yang tidak dapat ditembus oleh cairan, menghalangi cairan bergerak ke atas dank e samping. Jika pemboran sumur minyak dilakukan sampai menembus lapisan batu antiklinal, maka minyak dapat dicapai dan disalurkan ke atas.
Maka dari itu, sebelum melakukan pengeboran sumur minyak, terlebih dahulu harus dapat ditentukan letak perangkap-perangkap batu-batu sedimen yang mungkin mengandung minyak.
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english):
How Creation of Oil?
(Source: Ihsan, Zainoel. Crude Oil. Jakarta: Publisher inscription archipelago.)
In the ancient times there are different kinds of ancient animals are countless.There are big ones and some small ones big ones unmitigated magnitude and a small amount of many millions. In addition, there is a tree that big and forests are very dense.
Over a hundred million years, the fossil skeleton or former ancient animals that have died, along with the former vegetation washed away by streams from land to sea and eventually buried under silt and sand the ocean floor.
As you know, most parts of our planet in the days of old, consisting of oceans and lakes are vast. Deposits that over millions of years the bertimbunan and thicken up a hundred, even a thousand feet. From fossil deposits or frame the animals and plants that for hundreds of years the process of oil formation. Because the weight of sediment layers overlap, coupled with the pressure of seawater, sediments fossils mixed with sand and umpur it turned into a rock called sedimentary. Among the sedimentary rocks that was also the case of small granules attached to one another, but in between them there are pores or small holes that can be penetrated by liquids. The grains are very fine sediment in the oceans was further from the beach than the grains are bigger and rugged shape and then form a clay called flakes or in the language inggrinya "shale".
Under heavy pressure from the layers of rock that are on it, which consisted of petroleum oil, gas, and water squeezed from rock lut original (source rocks) are very fine grained rock into larger-grained rocks and porous to hold the oil. In the porous rock, oil, gas and water collects and can not move up and to the side, because of the layers that can not be penetrated by the porous rock around it.
Thus the formation of the oil that lasted backwards, the ages for millions of years, some experts suspect, that petroleum is formed at least in the past 200, 300 to 500 million years ago.
While the oil formation process takes place, the shape of the surface of the earth is changing. Most of the earth's crust pushed up, some down. On the other, the other times as well, depressed rock layers to the side, so wrinkled or folded and cracked, so the earth was formed as what we see now with the mountains and valleys, continents and samudaera -samuderanya. There are areas of sediment rocks contain oil and formerly under the seabed. That is why, the rocks that contain oil, not always under the sea floor, but is part of the mainland.
Sometimes the oil to the surface of the earth through cracks and layers of sedimentary rock where accidental fire, he will constantly be menurs lit an eternal flame. The oil will be thick because of the sun and by ordinary people in ancient times used as putty boat or vessel made of wood. In the XVI century, in a sea battle in the straits of Sumatra, Aceh fleet managed to expel the Portuguese fleet retreated (Alfonso D'Albuquerque) by using the "balls of fire" is first dipped in oil.
In the process of fusion occurring sediment layer, once formed oil, causing the oil moves to find a lot of layers of microscopic holes (small holes, pores or porous), and they become one or collected. The layers are called "reservoir bed" or "resevour rock" which means the storage reservoir. Because of the large natural changes that affect the layers of rock, the traps containing various kinds of oil.One type is called antiklinal, where rock layers curved crease when movement occurs in the layers of the earth. Under this antiklinal lengung gather oil, gas dengna above, the oil in the middle and below the water according to the weight of their own kind. Wanderings then stalled in part covered by the solid rocks in the English language called "cap rock", which eventually trapped oil, as the layers of rock that can not be penetrated by liquids, blocking the fluid moves upward dank e side. If the drilling of oil wells do to penetrate the layers of rock antiklinal, then the oil can be achieved and channeled upward.
Therefore, prior to drilling oil wells, must first be determined the location of the traps sedimentary rocks that may contain oil.
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