DASAR NEGARA DAN KOSNTITUSI DI INDONESIA for semester 2
(wijianto. 2007. Pendidikan Kwarganegaraan.Jakarta:Piranti Darma Kaloaktama.)
A. Hubungan Dasar Negara dan Konsitusi
1. Hakikat Dasar Negara, berkedudukan sebagai norma dasar (grundinorm) dari suatu Negara disebut norma fundamental Negara (staatfundamentalnorm), Grundnorm berasal dari bahasa Belanda, grund: tanah; norm=norma. Grundorm merukan norma tertinggi dalam Negara. Menurut Hans Kelsen, norma hukum itu berjenjang dan berlapis-lapis dalam hierarki tata susunan tertentu. Teori Hans Kelsen atau teori jenjang hukum atau stufentheorie. Menurut Hans Nawiasky, norma hukum dalam suatu Negara juga berjenjang dan bertingkat membentuk suatu tertib hukum. Demikian seterusnya sampai pada norma tertinggi dalam negara disebut norma fundamental Negara (staatfundamentalnorm). Hans Nawiasky berpendapat bahwa kelompok hukum Negara terdiri atas: Pertama,norma fundamental Negara (staatfundamentalnorm); Kedua, aturan dasar atau pokok Negara (staatgrundgesetz); Ketiga, undang-undang (Formellgesetz); Keempat, aturan pelaksana dan aturan otonom (Verordnung and autonome satzung). Menurut Prof. Hamid S. Attamimi, pancasila sebagai staatfundamentalnorm dan cita hukum (rechtsidee) negra Indonesia yang menguasai hukum dasar Negara baik tertulis maupun tak tertulis. Pancasila sebagai cita hukum memiliki dua fungsi yakni: Pertama, fungsi regulative, artinya cita hukum menguji apakah hukum dibuat adil atau tidak adil bagi masyarakat; Kedua, fungsi konstitutif, artinya fungsi yang menentukan bahwa tanpa dasar cita hukum maka makan kehilangan makna sebagai hukum.
2. Konstitusi Negara,dalam bahasa Belanda konstitusi disamakan dengan istilah grundwet (grund=dasar; wet=undang-undang). Menurut Herman Heller, pengertian konstitusi menjadi: Pertama, konstitusi mencerminkan kehidupan politik di dalam masyarakat sebagai suatu kenyataan sehingga mengandung pengertian politik sosiologis; Kedua, konstitusi merupakan satu kesatuan kaidah yang hidup dalam masyarakat sehingga mengandung pengertian yuridis; Ketiga, konstitusi ditulis dalam naskah sebagai undang-undang yang tinggi yang berlaku dalam suatu Negara. Menurut K. C. Wheare, konstitusi sebagai keseluruhan system ketatanegaraan dari suatu Negara berupa kumpulan peraturan yang membentuk, mengatur, atau memerintah dalam pemerintah suatu Negara. Menurut Prof. Prayudi Atmosudirdjo, konstitusi dirumuskan: Pertama, konstitusi suatu Negara adalah hasil atau produk sejarah dan proses perjuangan bangsa yang bersangkutan; Kedua, konstitusi suatu Negara adalah rumusan dari filsafat cita-cita, kehendak, dan perjuangan bangsa Indonesia; Ketiga, konstitusi adalah cermin dari jiwa, jalan pikiran, mentalitas, dan kebudayaan bangsa. Dalam arti luas, konstitusi terdiri dari dua jenis yakni: hukum dasar tertulis (undang-undang dasar) dan hukum dasar tak tertulis (konvensi). Dalam arti sempit, konstitusi diartikan sebagai hukum tertulis, yakni undang-undang.
3. Keterkaitan Dasar Negara dengan Konstitusi, rumusan Pancasila terdapat dalam pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945(UUD 1945) alinea ke empat. Pokok pikiran yang terdapat dalam pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945) sebagai berikut: Pertama, Negara persatuan, yaitu negara yang melindungi dan meliputi segenap bangsa Indonesia; Kedua, keadilan social, yaitu Negara mewujudkan keadilan social bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia; Ketiga, Kedualatan rakyat, yaitu Negara berdasar atas paham kedaulatan rakyat; Keempat, Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa menurut dasar kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab.
(Gambar 1, Bagan perbandingan norma hukum)
Nilai dan norma Pancasila
a. Sila Pertama, Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa, menyatakan:
i. Kehidupan bernegara bangsa Indonesia berdasarkan Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa
ii. Negara menjamin kemerdekaan setiap penduduk untuk memeluk agamanya masing-masing dan untuk beribadat menurut agamanya dan kepercayaannya.
iii. Negara menghendaki adanya toleransi dari masing pemeluk agama dan aliran kepercayaan yang ada
iv. Negara memberikan hak dan kebebasan pada setiap warga Negara untuk mengembangkan hak dan kebebasan yang lain
b. Sila Kedua, Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab, menyatakan:
i. Negara mengakui adanya hak bagi setiap bangsa (termasuk bangsa Indonesia) untuk menentukan nasibnya sendiri.
ii. Negara menghendaki setiap manusia untuk memperlakukan manusia Indonesia dan manusia lainnya secara adil, tidak sewenang-wenang, sebagai sifat bangsa yang sudah tinggi nilai kebudayaannya.
iii. Negara mengakui adanya hak bagi setiap manusia untuk diperlakukan secara sama dan sederajat.
iv. Negara menjamin setiap warga Negaranya untuk mendapatkan kedudukan dalam hukum dan pemerintahan secara sama dan memberikan kewajiban kepada setiap warga Negaranya untuk menjunjung tinggi hukum dan pemerintahan yang ada.
c. Sila Ketiga, Persatuan Indonesia, menyatakan:
i. Negara Republik Indonesia yang diproklamasikan pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 adalah perwujudan yang konkret dari persatuan Indonesia.
ii. Negara melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia, serta memajukan kesejahteraan umum, mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, dan ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi, dan keadilan social.
iii. Negara mengatasi segala paham golongan dan mengatasi segala paham perorangan.
iv. Negara mengakui Bhineka Tunggal Ika
d. Sila Keempat, Kerakyatan yang Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksaan dalam Permusyawaratan/ Perwakilan, menyatakan:
i. Mengakui adanya kedaulatan di tangan rakyat dan dilaksanakan menurut Undang-undang Dasar.
ii. Dalam pengambilan keputusan, Negara mengakui adanya asas musyawarah untuk mencapai mufakat. Namun apabila hal ini tidak mungkin dilaksanakan maka keputusan dapat diambil berdasarkan suara terbanyak.
iii. Negara berdasarkan hukum (rechtstaat) dan bukan berdasarkan kekuasaan belaka (machtstaat)
iv. Pemerintahan Negara Republik Indonesia berdasarkan system konstitusi, tidak bersifat absolutism atau kekuasaan tanpa batas.
e. Sila Kelima, Keadilan Sosial bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia, menyatakan:
i. Negara menghendaki agar perekonomian rakyat disusun berdasarkan demokrasi ekonomi
ii. Negara menugasai cabang-cabang produksi yang penting bagi Negara dan menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak
iii. Negara menghendaki kekayaan alam yang terdapat di atas serta di dalam bumi dan air Indonesia, haruslah dipergunakan untuk kemakmuran rakyat banyak.
iv. Negara menghendaki agar setiap bangsa Indonesia mendapat perlakuan yang adil di segala bidang kehidupan, baik bidang materil maupun spiritual.
v. Negara menghendaki agar tiap-tiap warga Negara mendapat pengajaran
vi. Pemerintah Republik Indonesia mengusahakan dan menyelenggarakan satu system pengajaran nasional yang diatur denga undang-undang
vii. Pemerintah, rakyat, dan kelurga bertanggung jawab agar pendidikan dapat dinikmati oleh seluruh rakyat Indonesia.
viii. Dengan pembangunan nasional yang bertujuan keadilan social, pemerintah berusaha membangun manusia Indonesia seutuhnya.
B. Isi Konstitusi,Konstitusi berasal dari bahasa Latin (crime=bersama; statue=membuat sesuatu agar berdiri), dalam bahasa Perancis, constituer artinya membentuk. Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, konstitusi diartikan sebagai: Pertama, segala ketentuan dan aturan mengenai ketatanegaraan; Kedua, undang-undang dasar suatu Negara.
1. Isi Konstitusi, Menurut Miriam Budiardjo, setiap undang-undang dasar memuat ketentuan sebagai berikut: Pertama, organisasi Negara; Kedua, hak asasi manusia; Ketiga, prosedur mengubah undang-undang dasar; Keempat, adakalanya memuat larangan untuk mengubah sifat-sifat tertentu dari undang-undang dasar. Hal-hal yang diatur dalam Undang-undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945) antara lain: tentang identitas Negara, tentang lembaga Negara, tentang hubungan Negara dengan warga Negara yang tercermin dalam hak dan kewajiban Negara maupun warga Negara. Tentang konsepsi atau ide-ide Negara dalam berbagai bidang, tentang perubahan undang-undang dasar, tentang aturan peralihan.
2. Undang-undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945), di Indonesia, mengalami macam- macam undang-undang, yakni:
a. Periode Pertama, Periode 18 Agustus 1945 sampai 27 Desember 1949, berlaku Undang-undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945).
b. Periode Kedua, periode 27 Desember 1949 sampai 15 Agustus 1950, berlaku Undang-undang Dasar 1949 atau Kesatuan Republik Indonesia Serikat (KRIS) 1949.
c. Periode Ketiga, 15 Agustus 1950 sampai 5 Juli 1959, berlaku Undang-undang Sementara 1950.
d. Periode keempat, 5 Juli 1959 sampai sekarang, berlaku kembalinya Undang-undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945) yang telah mengalami empat kali amandemen (perubahan) yang dilakukan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) yakni: Amandemen pertama, pada sidang umum Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) yang disahkan 19 Oktober 1999; Amandemen Kedua, pada sidang tahunan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) yang disahkan 18 Agustus 2000; Amandemen Ketiga, pada sidang tahunan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) yang disahkan 10 November 2001; Keempat, pada sidang tahunan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) yang disahkan 10 Agustus 2002. Dengan amandemen tersebut maka konstitusi Negara Indonesia Undang-undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945) menjadi lenih lengkap dan bertambah pasal-pasalnya meskipun nomor pasalnya tetap.
Undang-undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945) berisi 20 bab, 73 pasal, 3 pasal aturan peralihan, dan 2 pasal aturan tambahan. Isi pasal Undang-undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945) sebagai berikut:
a. Bab I, tentang Bentuk Kedaulatan (Pasal 1)
b. Bab II, tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (Pasal 2 sampai pasal 4)
c. Bab III, tentang Kekuasaan Pemerintah Negara (pasal 4 sampai pasal 16)
d. Bab V, tentang Kementrian Negara (Pasal 17)
e. Bab VI, tentang Pemerintah Daerah (Pasal 18 sampai Pasal 18 B)
f. Bab VII, tentang Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (Pasal 19 sampai Pasal 22 B)
g. Bab VII A, tentang Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (Pasal 22 C sampai Pasal 22 D)
h. Bab VII B, tentang Pemilihan Umum (Pasal 22 E)
i. Bab VIII, tentang Hal Keuangan (Pasal 23 sampai Pasal 23 D)
j. Bab VIII A, tentang Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (Pasal 23 E sampai Pasal 23 G)
k. Bab IX, tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman (Pasal 24 sampai pasal 25)
l. Bab IX A, tentang wilayah Negara (Pasal 25 A)
m. Bab X, tentang Warga Negara dan Penduduk (Pasal 26 sampai pasal 28)
n. Bab X A, tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (Pasal 28 A sampai Pasal 28 J)
o. Bab XI, tentang agama (Pasal 29)
p. Bab XII, tentang Pertahanan dan Keamanan Negara (Pasal 30)
q. Bab XIII, tentang Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Pasal 31 sampai Pasal 32)
r. Bab XIV, tentang Perekonomian Nasional dan Kesejahteraan Sosial (Pasal 33 sampai Pasal 34)
s. Bab XV, tentang Bendera, Bahasa, Lambang Negara serta Lagu Kebangsaan (Pasal 35 sampai Pasal 36 C)
t. Bab XVI, tentang Perubahan Undang-undang Dasar (Pasal 37)
3. Perilaku Konstitusional dalam Hidup Berbangsa dan Bernegara
1. Indonesia Negara Hukum dan Berdasar atas Konstitusi
2. Sikap Positif terhadap Konstitusi Negara, berikut contoh sumpah jabatan presiden Indonesia dan wakil presiden Indonesia serta sumpah anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) Indonesia
a. Sumpah dan Janji Presiden Indonesia dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia, sebagaimana tercantum dalam Pasal 9, Undang-undang Dasar 1945.
i. Sumpah Presiden (Wakil Presiden): “Demi Allah, saya bersumpah akan memenuhi kewajiban Presiden Republik Indonesia (Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia) dengan sebaik-baiknya dan seadil-adilnya, memegang teguh Undang-undang Dasar dan menjalankan segala undang-undang dan peraturannya dengan selurus-lurusnya serta berbakti kepada nusa dan bangsa.”;
ii. Janji Presiden (Wakil Presiden) :”Saya berjanji dengan sungguh-sungguh akan memenuhi kewajiban Presiden Republik Indonesia (Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia) dengan sebaik-baiknya dan seadil-adilnya, memegang teguh Undang-undang Dasar dan menjalankan segala undang-undang dan peraturannya dengan selurus-lurusnya serta berbakti kepada nusa dan bangsa.”
b. Sumpah dan janji anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, termuad dalam Pasal 20 Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2003 tentang Susunan dan Kedudukan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD), dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD): “Demi Allah (Tuhan) saya bersumpah/ berjanji bahwa saya akan memenuhi kewajiban saya sebagai anggota (ketua/ wakil ketua) Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dengan sebaik-baiknya dan seadil-adilnya; bahwa saya akan memegang teguh Pancasila dan menegakkan Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 serta peraturan perundang-undangan; bahwa saya akan menegakkan kehidupan demokrasi serta berbakti kepada bangsa dan Negara; bahwa saya akan memperjuangkan aspirasi rakyat yang saya wakili untuk mewujudkan tujuan nasional demi kepentingan bangsa dan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.”
Daftar Istilah
ISTILAH | ARTI |
amandemen | Perubahan undang-undang dasar |
Cita hukum | Gagasan, cipta, rasa atau pikiran mengenai hukum |
grundnorm | Norma dasar, norma fundamental Negara, pokok kaidah Negara yang fundamental |
grundwet | Undang-undang dasar |
komisi | Sejenis lembaga, organ, atau dewan dengan suatu tugas tertentu |
konstitusional | Bersifat atau berdasar pada konstitusi |
liberal | Berhaluan kebebasan, menghendaki kebebasan dalam lapangan peribadatan, dan kenegaraan |
liberalisme | Paham liberal |
preambule | Pembukaan atau mukadimah |
staatfundamentalnorm | Norma fundamental Negara |
stufentheorie | Teori jenjang norma hukum yang digagas Hans Kelen |
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english)
BASIC STATE AND KOSNTITUSI IN INDONESIA(source: wijianto. 2007. Pendidikan Kwarganegaraan.Jakarta:Piranti Darma Kaloaktama.)
A. Relationship of the State and the Constitution
1. The essence of the State, serves as the basic norm (grundinorm) from a country called the fundamental norms of State (staatfundamentalnorm), Grundnorm derived from the Dutch, Grund: soil; norm = norm. Grundorm merukan highest norm in the State. According to Hans Kelsen, legal norms, multi-layered tiered hierarchy of governance in a particular arrangement. Hans Kelsen theory or theory of law or stufentheorie level. According to Hans Nawiasky, rule of law in a state also tiered and terraced form a legal order. And so forth until the highest norms in the country called the fundamental norms of the State (staatfundamentalnorm). Hans Nawiasky argue that the laws of the State consists of: First, the fundamental norms of the State (staatfundamentalnorm); Second, the basic or fundamental state (staatgrundgesetz); Third, the statute (Formellgesetz); Fourth, the implementing rules and regulations of autonomous (Verordnung and autonome satzung). According to Prof. Hamid S. Attamimi, Pancasila as staatfundamentalnorm and legal ideals (Rechtsidee) negra Indonesia which controls the basic law of the State, both written and unwritten. Pancasila as the goal that law has two functions: First, regulative function, meaning that the law ideals of law was made to test whether fair or unfair to the public; Second, the constitutive functions, meaning functions that determine the basic ideals that without eating to lose the meaning of the law as law.
2. State constitution, the Dutch constitution is equated with the term grundwet (Grund = base; wet = law). According to Herman Heller, understanding the constitution to be: First, the constitution reflects the political life of society as a fact that implies political sociology; Second, the constitution is a living principle of unity in the community that contains a juridical sense; Third, the constitution was written in the script as a law high-laws applicable in a State. According to K. C.Wheare, the constitution as a whole system of state administration of a State in the form of a collection of rules that establish, manage, or govern the government of a State. According to Prof. Prayudi Atmosudirdjo, the constitution was formulated: First, the constitution of a State is the result or product of history and the struggle of the nation concerned; Second, the constitution of a State is the formulation of philosophical ideals, the will, and the struggle of Indonesia; Third, the constitution is a mirror of the soul , way of thinking, mentality and culture of the nation. In a broad sense, the constitution consists of two types namely: in writing the basic law (constitution) and unwritten fundamental law (convention). In a narrow sense, the constitution is defined as the written law, the law.
3. Linkage of the State by the Constitution, Pancasila formula contained in the preamble to the Constitution of 1945 (UUD 1945) at paragraph four. Main ideas contained in the preamble of the Constitution of 1945 (UUD 1945) as follows: First, the state union, the state that protects and covers the entire nation of Indonesia; Second, social justice, the State social justice for all people of Indonesia; Third, Kedualatan people, the State shall be based on the principles of popular sovereignty; Fourth, Belief in God Almighty on the basis of a just and civilized humanity.
(Figure 1, Chart comparison of rule of law)Pancasila values and normsa. First Precept, Belief in God Almighty, stated:i. The statehood of Indonesia based on Belief in God Almightyii. The State guarantees every citizen freedom to embrace their religion and to worship according to his religion or belief.iii. State requires the tolerance of their religious beliefs and the flow of existingiv. Countries provide rights and freedoms on every citizen to develop the rights and freedoms of othersb. Second Precept, just and civilized humanity, stating:i. Countries recognize the right of every nation (including the Indonesian people) to determine their own destiny.ii. State wants every human being to treat another human being human Indonesia and fairly, not arbitrarily, as the nature of the nation that have high cultural value.iii. Countries recognize the right of every human being to be treated the same and equal.iv. The State guarantees every citizen the Country to get a position in law and government alike, and give to every member country's obligations to uphold the law and the existing government.c. The third Precept , the unity of Indonesia, said:i. Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed on August 17, 1945 is a concrete manifestation of the unity of Indonesia.ii. Protect the whole Indonesian nation state and the entire homeland of Indonesia, as well as promote the general welfare, the intellectual life of the nation, and participate in the establishment of a world order based on freedom, lasting peace and social justice.iii. State over all classes understand and cope with all the individual understands.iv. Countries recognize the Unity in Diversityd. Fourth Precept, Democracy Led by Wisdom Wisdom in the Consultative / Representative, stated:i. Recognizing the sovereignty in the hands of the people and carried out according to the Constitution.ii. In decision-making, the State recognizes the principle of deliberation to reach a consensus. But if this is impossible then the decision can be taken by majority vote.iii. State law (rechtstaat) and not on mere power (machtstaat)iv. Government of the Republic of Indonesia based on the constitutional system, non-absolutism or unlimited power.e. The five precepts, social justice for all people of Indonesia, said:i. State wants the people's economy is based on economic democracyii. state master branches of production that are important to the State and serving the peopleiii. State requires natural resources located above and on earth and water in Indonesia, should be used for the prosperity of the people.iv. State requires that each nation Indonesia had to fair treatment in all areas of life, both material and spiritual fields.v. State requires that each citizen gets teachingvi. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia shall establish and conduct a national educational system is regulated premises lawvii. Government, the people, and families are responsible for education can be enjoyed by all people of Indonesia.viii. With national development aimed at social justice, the government attempted to build Indonesia's human beings.
B. Contents of the Constitution, the Constitution comes from the Latin (crime = together; statue = create something to stand), in French, means forming constituer. In Big Indonesian Dictionary, the constitution is defined as: First, all the provisions and rules on state administration; Second, the basic laws of a State.1. Contents of the Constitution, according to Miriam Budiardjo, every constitution contains a provision as follows: First, the organization of the State; Second, human rights; Third, the procedure to change the constitution; Fourth, sometimes contain restrictions to alter certain properties of the legislation the constitution.Matters set forth in the Constitution of 1945 (UUD 1945), among others: the identity of the State, of the State agency, State relationship with citizens is reflected in the rights and obligations of the State and the citizen. Conception of the State or ideas in various fields, on changing the constitution, on the transitional rules.2. Constitution of 1945 (UUD 1945), in Indonesia, has all sorts of laws, namely:a. First Period, the Period August 18, 1945 until December 27, 1949, applies Act of 1945 (1945).b. Second Period, the period of December 27, 1949 until August 15, 1950, applies the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in 1949 or the United states of Indonesia . (KRIS) 1949.c. Third Period, August 15, 1950 until July 5, 1959, The Act applies in 1950.d. The fourth period, July 5, 1959 to the present, apply the return of the Act of 1945 (1945) who has undergone four amendments (changes) that do the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), namely: first amendment, the general assembly of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR ) which was passed October 19, 1999; Second Amendment, at the annual session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) approved August 18, 2000; Third Amendment, the annual session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) adopted 10 November 2001; Fourth, at the annual session of the Consultative AssemblyPeople's (MPR) approved August 10, 2002. With the amendment the Constitution of the Indonesian Constitution of 1945 (UUD 1945) to complete lenih and increased its articles remain despite the article number.Constitution of 1945 (UUD 1945) contains 20 chapters, 73 articles, 3 of article transitional rules, and 2 of Article additional rules. Fill in the Constitution of Article 1945 (UUD 1945) as follows:a. Chapter I, on the form of Sovereignty (Article 1)b. Chapter II, of the People's Consultative Assembly (Article 2 to Article 4)c. Chapter III, on the Powers of the Government of the State (Article 4 to Article 16)d. Chapter V, of the Ministry of State (Article 17)e. Chapter VI, of the Local Government (Article 18 and Article 18 B)f. Chapter VII, of the House of Representatives (Article 19 and Article 22 B)g. Chapter VII A, of the Regional Representatives Council (Article 22 C to Article 22 D)h. Chapter VII B, on the General Election (Section 22 E)i. Chapter VIII, on Page Finance (Article 23 and Article 23 D)j. Chapter VIII A, of the Supreme Audit Board (Article 23 Article 23 E to G)k. Chapter IX, of the Judicial Power (Article 24 through Article 25)l. Chapter IX A of the State (Article 25 A)m. Chapter X, of the Citizens and Residents (Article 26 and Article 28)n. Chapter XA, on Human Rights (Article 28 A to Article 28 J)o. Chapter XI, of religion (Article 29)p. Chapter XII, of the Defense and State Security (Article 30)q. Chapter XIII, on Education and Culture (Article 31 and Article 32)r. Chapter XIV, on National Economy and Social Welfare (Article 33 through Article 34)s. Chapter XV, on the Flag, Language, Emblem and Anthem State (Article 35 and Article 36 C)t. Chapter XVI, on the Amendment of the Constitution (Article 37) 3. Life Constitutional behavior in national and state1. Based on Indonesia's State of Law and the Constitution2. Positive attitude towards the State Constitution, the presidential oath of office following the example of Indonesia and Indonesia's vice president and sworn members of the House of Representatives (DPR) Indonesiaa. Indonesia vows and promises of President and Vice President of Indonesia, as stated in Article 9, Law of 1945.i. Oath of President (Vice President): "By Allah, I swear that I will fulfill the duties of the President of the Republic of Indonesia (Vice-President of the Republic of Indonesia) as well as possible and fairly as possible, uphold the Constitution and execute all laws and regulations with a straight as -righteous and devoted to the homeland. ";ii. The promise of the President (Vice President): "I solemnly promise will perform the duties of President of the Republic of Indonesia (Vice-President of the Republic of Indonesia) as well as possible and fairly as possible, uphold the Constitution and execute all laws and regulations with straight as-righteous and devoted to the homeland. "b. Oath and the promise of a member of the House of Representatives, contained in Article 20 of Law Number 22 Year 2003 on the Structure and Status of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), House of Representatives (DPR), the Regional Representatives Council (DPD), and the Regional Representatives Council ( DPRD): "By Allah (God), I swear / promise that I will fulfill my obligations as a member (chairman / vice chairman) House of Representatives with the best and fairest; that I will uphold Pancasila and enforce the Act Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 and the regulations; that I will uphold the democratic life and devotion to the nation and the State; that I will fight for the aspirations of the people I represent to achieve national goals in the interest of the nation and the Republic of Indonesia. "
A. Relationship of the State and the Constitution
1. The essence of the State, serves as the basic norm (grundinorm) from a country called the fundamental norms of State (staatfundamentalnorm), Grundnorm derived from the Dutch, Grund: soil; norm = norm. Grundorm merukan highest norm in the State. According to Hans Kelsen, legal norms, multi-layered tiered hierarchy of governance in a particular arrangement. Hans Kelsen theory or theory of law or stufentheorie level. According to Hans Nawiasky, rule of law in a state also tiered and terraced form a legal order. And so forth until the highest norms in the country called the fundamental norms of the State (staatfundamentalnorm). Hans Nawiasky argue that the laws of the State consists of: First, the fundamental norms of the State (staatfundamentalnorm); Second, the basic or fundamental state (staatgrundgesetz); Third, the statute (Formellgesetz); Fourth, the implementing rules and regulations of autonomous (Verordnung and autonome satzung). According to Prof. Hamid S. Attamimi, Pancasila as staatfundamentalnorm and legal ideals (Rechtsidee) negra Indonesia which controls the basic law of the State, both written and unwritten. Pancasila as the goal that law has two functions: First, regulative function, meaning that the law ideals of law was made to test whether fair or unfair to the public; Second, the constitutive functions, meaning functions that determine the basic ideals that without eating to lose the meaning of the law as law.
2. State constitution, the Dutch constitution is equated with the term grundwet (Grund = base; wet = law). According to Herman Heller, understanding the constitution to be: First, the constitution reflects the political life of society as a fact that implies political sociology; Second, the constitution is a living principle of unity in the community that contains a juridical sense; Third, the constitution was written in the script as a law high-laws applicable in a State. According to K. C.Wheare, the constitution as a whole system of state administration of a State in the form of a collection of rules that establish, manage, or govern the government of a State. According to Prof. Prayudi Atmosudirdjo, the constitution was formulated: First, the constitution of a State is the result or product of history and the struggle of the nation concerned; Second, the constitution of a State is the formulation of philosophical ideals, the will, and the struggle of Indonesia; Third, the constitution is a mirror of the soul , way of thinking, mentality and culture of the nation. In a broad sense, the constitution consists of two types namely: in writing the basic law (constitution) and unwritten fundamental law (convention). In a narrow sense, the constitution is defined as the written law, the law.
(Figure 1, Chart comparison of rule of law)Pancasila values and normsa. First Precept, Belief in God Almighty, stated:i. The statehood of Indonesia based on Belief in God Almightyii. The State guarantees every citizen freedom to embrace their religion and to worship according to his religion or belief.iii. State requires the tolerance of their religious beliefs and the flow of existingiv. Countries provide rights and freedoms on every citizen to develop the rights and freedoms of othersb. Second Precept, just and civilized humanity, stating:i. Countries recognize the right of every nation (including the Indonesian people) to determine their own destiny.ii. State wants every human being to treat another human being human Indonesia and fairly, not arbitrarily, as the nature of the nation that have high cultural value.iii. Countries recognize the right of every human being to be treated the same and equal.iv. The State guarantees every citizen the Country to get a position in law and government alike, and give to every member country's obligations to uphold the law and the existing government.c. The third Precept , the unity of Indonesia, said:i. Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed on August 17, 1945 is a concrete manifestation of the unity of Indonesia.ii. Protect the whole Indonesian nation state and the entire homeland of Indonesia, as well as promote the general welfare, the intellectual life of the nation, and participate in the establishment of a world order based on freedom, lasting peace and social justice.iii. State over all classes understand and cope with all the individual understands.iv. Countries recognize the Unity in Diversityd. Fourth Precept, Democracy Led by Wisdom Wisdom in the Consultative / Representative, stated:i. Recognizing the sovereignty in the hands of the people and carried out according to the Constitution.ii. In decision-making, the State recognizes the principle of deliberation to reach a consensus. But if this is impossible then the decision can be taken by majority vote.iii. State law (rechtstaat) and not on mere power (machtstaat)iv. Government of the Republic of Indonesia based on the constitutional system, non-absolutism or unlimited power.e. The five precepts, social justice for all people of Indonesia, said:i. State wants the people's economy is based on economic democracyii. state master branches of production that are important to the State and serving the peopleiii. State requires natural resources located above and on earth and water in Indonesia, should be used for the prosperity of the people.iv. State requires that each nation Indonesia had to fair treatment in all areas of life, both material and spiritual fields.v. State requires that each citizen gets teachingvi. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia shall establish and conduct a national educational system is regulated premises lawvii. Government, the people, and families are responsible for education can be enjoyed by all people of Indonesia.viii. With national development aimed at social justice, the government attempted to build Indonesia's human beings.B. Contents of the Constitution, the Constitution comes from the Latin (crime = together; statue = create something to stand), in French, means forming constituer. In Big Indonesian Dictionary, the constitution is defined as: First, all the provisions and rules on state administration; Second, the basic laws of a State.1. Contents of the Constitution, according to Miriam Budiardjo, every constitution contains a provision as follows: First, the organization of the State; Second, human rights; Third, the procedure to change the constitution; Fourth, sometimes contain restrictions to alter certain properties of the legislation the constitution.Matters set forth in the Constitution of 1945 (UUD 1945), among others: the identity of the State, of the State agency, State relationship with citizens is reflected in the rights and obligations of the State and the citizen. Conception of the State or ideas in various fields, on changing the constitution, on the transitional rules.2. Constitution of 1945 (UUD 1945), in Indonesia, has all sorts of laws, namely:a. First Period, the Period August 18, 1945 until December 27, 1949, applies Act of 1945 (1945).b. Second Period, the period of December 27, 1949 until August 15, 1950, applies the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in 1949 or the United states of Indonesia . (KRIS) 1949.c. Third Period, August 15, 1950 until July 5, 1959, The Act applies in 1950.d. The fourth period, July 5, 1959 to the present, apply the return of the Act of 1945 (1945) who has undergone four amendments (changes) that do the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), namely: first amendment, the general assembly of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR ) which was passed October 19, 1999; Second Amendment, at the annual session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) approved August 18, 2000; Third Amendment, the annual session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) adopted 10 November 2001; Fourth, at the annual session of the Consultative AssemblyPeople's (MPR) approved August 10, 2002. With the amendment the Constitution of the Indonesian Constitution of 1945 (UUD 1945) to complete lenih and increased its articles remain despite the article number.Constitution of 1945 (UUD 1945) contains 20 chapters, 73 articles, 3 of article transitional rules, and 2 of Article additional rules. Fill in the Constitution of Article 1945 (UUD 1945) as follows:a. Chapter I, on the form of Sovereignty (Article 1)b. Chapter II, of the People's Consultative Assembly (Article 2 to Article 4)c. Chapter III, on the Powers of the Government of the State (Article 4 to Article 16)d. Chapter V, of the Ministry of State (Article 17)e. Chapter VI, of the Local Government (Article 18 and Article 18 B)f. Chapter VII, of the House of Representatives (Article 19 and Article 22 B)g. Chapter VII A, of the Regional Representatives Council (Article 22 C to Article 22 D)h. Chapter VII B, on the General Election (Section 22 E)i. Chapter VIII, on Page Finance (Article 23 and Article 23 D)j. Chapter VIII A, of the Supreme Audit Board (Article 23 Article 23 E to G)k. Chapter IX, of the Judicial Power (Article 24 through Article 25)l. Chapter IX A of the State (Article 25 A)m. Chapter X, of the Citizens and Residents (Article 26 and Article 28)n. Chapter XA, on Human Rights (Article 28 A to Article 28 J)o. Chapter XI, of religion (Article 29)p. Chapter XII, of the Defense and State Security (Article 30)q. Chapter XIII, on Education and Culture (Article 31 and Article 32)r. Chapter XIV, on National Economy and Social Welfare (Article 33 through Article 34)s. Chapter XV, on the Flag, Language, Emblem and Anthem State (Article 35 and Article 36 C)t. Chapter XVI, on the Amendment of the Constitution (Article 37) 3. Life Constitutional behavior in national and state1. Based on Indonesia's State of Law and the Constitution2. Positive attitude towards the State Constitution, the presidential oath of office following the example of Indonesia and Indonesia's vice president and sworn members of the House of Representatives (DPR) Indonesiaa. Indonesia vows and promises of President and Vice President of Indonesia, as stated in Article 9, Law of 1945.i. Oath of President (Vice President): "By Allah, I swear that I will fulfill the duties of the President of the Republic of Indonesia (Vice-President of the Republic of Indonesia) as well as possible and fairly as possible, uphold the Constitution and execute all laws and regulations with a straight as -righteous and devoted to the homeland. ";ii. The promise of the President (Vice President): "I solemnly promise will perform the duties of President of the Republic of Indonesia (Vice-President of the Republic of Indonesia) as well as possible and fairly as possible, uphold the Constitution and execute all laws and regulations with straight as-righteous and devoted to the homeland. "b. Oath and the promise of a member of the House of Representatives, contained in Article 20 of Law Number 22 Year 2003 on the Structure and Status of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), House of Representatives (DPR), the Regional Representatives Council (DPD), and the Regional Representatives Council ( DPRD): "By Allah (God), I swear / promise that I will fulfill my obligations as a member (chairman / vice chairman) House of Representatives with the best and fairest; that I will uphold Pancasila and enforce the Act Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 and the regulations; that I will uphold the democratic life and devotion to the nation and the State; that I will fight for the aspirations of the people I represent to achieve national goals in the interest of the nation and the Republic of Indonesia. "
Glossary of Terms
TERMS | Meaning |
| amendment | Changes in constitution |
| Law Dream | Ideas, creativity, taste or thought about the law |
grundnorm | Norma basic, fundamental norms of the State, subject to fundamental rules of the State |
grundwet | Constitution |
| commission | Similar institution, organ, or the board with a particular task |
| constitutional | Characteristically, based on constitution |
liberal | Wing of freedom, requires freedom of worship in the field, and the state |
liberalisme | preambule |
preambule | Opening or preamble |
staatfundamentalnorm | Fundamental norms of the State |
stufentheorie | Level of legal norms theory was initiated by Hans Kelen |
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