Kehidupan masyarakat di Lembah Sungai Tigris-Eufrat (Bangsa Sumeria, Bangsa Amorit/ Babilonia Lama, Bangsa Assyiria dan Bangsa Khaldea/ Babilonia Baru) dengan pusat-pusat peradaban tertua
(Sumber: Suparman. Dkk.2003. IPS Sejarah. Surakarta: Tiga Serangkai.)
Orang Yunani menyebut daerah antara Sungai Eufarat dan Tigris dengan nama Mesopotamia. Kata Mesopotamia berasal dari bahasa Yunani mesos artinya tengah dan potamos artinya sungai. Jadi, Mesopotamia berarti daerah antara dua aliran sungai besar. Sungai besar yang dimaksud adalah Sungai Eufarat (Arab: Sungai Furat) dan Sungai Tigris yang terletak di Negara Irak sekarang. Daerah ini sangat subur dan cukup air sehingga banyak penduduknya. Sebaliknya di luar Mesopotamia daerahnya berbukit-bukit dan merupakan padang pasir yang tandus dan gersang. Secara ekonomis daerah ini sangat menguntungkan karena menghubungkan jalur perdagangan dari Asia Selatan (India) dengan Turki, Armenia, juga dari sekitar Laut Tengah menuju Asia Timur (Cina). Penduduk Mesopotamia termasuk rumpun bangsa Semit (kulit putih) yang hidup setengah nomad. Sambil beternak mereka juga bercocok tanam dengan berpindah-pindah ke daerah subur.
A) Kebudayaan Sumeria. Bangsa tertua di Mesopotamia adalah bangsa Sumeria. Mereka berasal dari daerah Susa dan telah berdiam di Sumeria sejak tahun 3000 SM. Semula mereka mendirikan Negara-negara kota, seperti Ur, Larsa, dan Lagasy. Setiap Negara kota dikepalai oleh seorang raja yang merangkap sebagai pemimpin agama. Antarnegara kota ini saling bersaing dan berperang untuk memperoleh kekuasaan tertinggi di Mesopotamia Hilir. Selanjutnya kira-kira lima ratus tahun mereka berperang sehingga mereka menjadi lemah. Kebudayaan bangsa Sumeria sudah maju. Hal itu dapat dilihat dari peninggalan bersejarah yang pernah ditemukan. Mereka tinggal di kota dengan perencanaan yang baik. Mereka telah membuat jalan-jalan yang lebar dan lurus lengkap dengan saluran airnya. Untuk mengatasi banjur dari Sungai Tigris dan Eufrat, bangsa Sumeria membuat tanggul-tanggul. Bangsa Sumeria juga pandai dalam membuat pakaian dari lena, membuat barang-barang dari tembaga, perhiasan dari emas, alat-alat pertanian, dan tembikar dari tanah liat yang dibakar. Bangsa Sumeria juga telah mengenal tulisan yang disebut huruf “Paku” (kurang lebih ada 350 tanda). Tulisan itu dibuat pada lempengan tanah liat yang dibakar atau dikeringkan. Terdapat ribuan lempengan tulisan dengan huruf “Paku: yang telah berhasil ditemukan. Isi lempeng itu bermacam-macam, antara lain dagang, penjualan, serta pesanan barang-barang. Bangsa Sumeria telah mampu membagi lingkaran menjadi 360O, satu tahun= 360 hari, satu jam=60 menit, dan satu menit=60 detik. Sastra mereka yang terkenal adalah kisah kepahlawanan Gilgamesh.
Agama bangsa Sumeria bersifat politeisme atau menyembah banyak dewa, seperti Dewa Udara, Dewa Langit, Dewa Bumi, dan Dewa Laut. Kuil-kuil Bangsa Sumeria didirikan di atas tumpukan batu yang tinggi. Pusat keagamaan bangsa Sumeria terletak di kota Nippur.
Akibat pertentangan dan peperangan antarnegara kota, Sumeria menjadi lemah. Bangsa Sumeria mengalami kemunduran setelah kedatangan bangsa Akkadia dari padang pasir utara. Di bawah pimpinan Sargon, bangsa Akkadia pada tahun 2350 SM berhasil menguasai Sumeria dan menyerap kebudayaannya sehingga terjadi proses asimilasi dan integrasi social budaya kedua bangsa tersebut. Sumeria menjadi salah satu daerah yang dikuasai bangsa Akkadia. Wilayahnya meliputi daerah Sungai Tigris dan ke timur sampai ke Asia Kecil bagian barat. Kurang lebih empat ratus tahun kemudian bangsa Akkadia ditaklukan oleh bangsa Amorit. Bangsa ini juga termasuk salah satu dari rumpun bangsa Semit.
B). Kebudayaan Bangsa Amorit (Babilonia Barat). Kerajaan Bangsa Amorit didirikan oleh Bangsa Amorit (2000 SM) setelah mengalahkan bangsa Sumeria dan Akkadia. Raja paling terkenal yang pernah memerintah di Babilonia adalah Raja Hamurabi. Raja Hamurabi pada tahun 1900 SM telah berhasil menyusun peraturan atau hukum yang dipahatkan pada tugu batu yang disebut Undang-undang Hamurabi. Undang-undang ini mengatur tentang semua hal yang menyangkut kehidupan rakyat dan mengenai peraturan agama. Undang-undang Hamurabi dibuat berdasarkan asas pembalasan. Artinya, keadilan itu dianggap tercapai jika setiap perbuatan mendapatkan balasan yang setimpal. Dengan peraturan tersebut rakyat dapat hidup damai dan mendapat perlakuan hukum yang seadil-adilnya. Pada masa pemerintahan Kerajaan Babilonia, ilmu pengetahuan berkembang pesat. Ilmu pengetahuan yang telah dikuasai bangsa Babilonia, antara lain ilmu astronomi, astrologi, biologi, matematika dengan menggunakan hitungan dasar 60, dan ilmu ukur lengkap dengan satuannya. Sistem kepercayaan bangsa Babilonia adalah memuja banyak dewa (politeisme). Dewa yang terkenal adalah Dewa Marduk. Cirri khas bangunan pemujaannya adalah menara dan lengkungan. Di bawah pemerintahan Hamurabi, Babilonia mencapai puncak kemakmuran. Kebudayaan Babilonia menjadi sebutan umum untuk seluruh kebudayaan Mesopotamia. Wilayahnya meluas mulai dari sebelah utara kota Babilonia sampai ke Teluk Persia. Kerajaan Babilonia mengalami kehancuran setelah diserang oleh bangsa Kassit yang termasuk rumpun bangsa Indo-Eropa atau Indo-Jerman (Aria). Bangsa Kassit ini menguasai Msopotamia sampai tahun 1000 SM.
C). Kebudayaan Bangsa Assyria. Disebelah utara Babilonia dihulu Sungai Tigris sejak tahun 3000 SM telah didiami oleh bangsa Assyria yang termasuk rumpun bangsa Semit. Selama beribu-ribu tahun bangsa Assyria dikuasai oleh bangsa-bangsa lain sehingga mereka tidak bisa berkembang. Namun, bangsa Assyria akhirnya bangkit setelah Kerajaan Babilonia mengalami keruntuhan. Mereka telah mempersiapkan diri selama bertahun-tahun untuk memperoleh kemerdekaan. Pada tahun 1000 SM bangsa Assyria menyerbu dan menguasai Mesopotamia. Bangsa Assyria setelah merdeka mempunyai wilayah yang cukup luas. Ibu kota Kerajaan bangsa Assyria terletak di Ninive (di tepi Sungai Tigris). Pemerintahan Kerajaan bangsa Assyria bersifat militer dan dictator. Mereka suka berperang dan berlaku kejam terhadap musuh-musuhnya. Oleh karena itu, wilayahnya meluas sampai di Pantai Laut Tengah, Mesir dan Arab. Raja terbesar kerajaan bangsa Assyria adalah Raja Esarhaddon (681-669 SM). Kebudayaan bangsa Assyria sudah maju dan banyak meniru kebudayaan Sumeria, misalnya di bidang ilmu astronomi, astrologi, arsitektur, matematika, serta seni pahat dan patung. Mereka telah mampu menghitung satu tahun=364 ¼ hari (sama dengan zaman sekarang). Dalam seni patung dan pahat peninggalan mereka yang terbesar adalah patung penjaga pintu istana berupa dua ekor lembu jantan bersayap dan berkepala manusia yang juga merupakan lambang Kerajaan Assyria. Dalam bidang seni sastra, bangsa Assyria mengalami perkembangan pesat pada pemerintahan Assurbanipal. Raja Assurbanipal telah membuat perpustakaan besar antara lain berupa karya sastra terdiri atas 22.000 lempeng tanah liat dengan tulisan huruf “Paku”. Akibat tabiatnya yang kasar, kejam, dan suka berperang, bangsa Assyria mempunyai banyak musuh. Pada tahun 612 SM, bangsa Assyria mendapat serangan dari bangsa Khaldea.
D). Kebudayaan Bangsa Khaldea (Babilonia Baru). Bangsa Khaldea setelah berhasil mengalahkan bangsa Assyiria dan menduduki wilayah Mesopotamia berusaha membangun kembali bekas ibu kota Babilonia Lama menjadi pusat Kerajaan Babilonia Baru. Kerajaan Babilonia Baru mencapai puncak kejayaan pada masa pemerintahan Raja Nebukadnezar yang memerintah dari tahun 612-536 SM. Daerah kekuasaannya meluas sampai Arab, Palestina, dan Yudea. Dalam perjalanan sejarahnya Bangsa Khaldea mengalami banyak peperangan, antara lain peperangan di Yudea. Dari peperangan di Yudea banyak orang Yahudi yang ditawan di Babilonia. Peristiwa ini sering disebut sebagai masa pembuangan Yahudi di Babilonia. Warisan budaya Babilonia Lama terutama ilmu astronomi dikembangkan oleh bangsa Babilonia Baru. Banyak planet dan bintang-bintang diselidiki dan diberi nama. Bangsa Assyiria juga telah membagi satu minggu menjadi 7 hari dan satu hari menjadi 24 jam. Dalam bidang bangunan dan aristektur juga sudah maju. Mereka berhasil membuat sebuah taman yang indah di atas atap yang disebut taman bergantung. Setelah Raja Nebukadnezar meninggal, Babilonia Baru mengalami kemunduran sampai akhirnya jatuh ke tangan bangsa Persia pada tahun 539 SM.
Mesopotamia merupakan daerah yang sangat subur karena itu selalu menjadi rebutan bangsa-bangsa disekitarnya. Adapun bangsa-bangsa yang pernah berkuasa di Mesopotamia adalah: Pertama, Bangsa Sumeria, kemudian bangsa Akkadia atau Semit; Kedua, Bangsa Babilonia Lama; Ketiga, Bangsa Assyria; Keempat, Bangsa Babilonia Baru; Kelima, Bangsa Persia.
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english)
People living on the Tigris River Valley, Eufrat (Sumerian Race, Race Amorit / Old Babylonia, Race and Nation Assyiria Khaldea / New Babylon) to the oldest civilization centers
(Source: Suparman. Dkk.2003. IPS history. Surakarta: Tiga Serangkai.)
The Greeks call the area between the River Tigris in the name of Eufarat and Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian word comes from Greek mesos meaning middle and potamos means river. So, Mesopotamia means the area between the two great rivers flow.Large river in question is the River Eufarat (Arabic: River Euphrates) and the River Tigris which is situated in Iraq now. The area is very fertile and enough water to many people. Otherwise outside Mesopotamia's district is hilly and barren deserts and arid.In this region economically very profitable because of trade lines connecting South Asia (India) with Turkey, Armenia, as well as from around the Mediterranean Sea towards East Asia (China). The people of Mesopotamia, including national groups Semitic (white) half-nomadic living. Beternak while they also planted with bercocok moved to the fertile region.
A) Sumerian Culture. Nation is the nation's oldest Sumerian Mesopotamia. They came from the Susa and had stayed in Sumerian since the year 3000 BC. They re-establish the country's cities, such as Ur, Larsa, and Lagasy. Each of the city headed by a king who are also religious leaders. This city interstate competing and fighting to gain hegemony in Lower Mesopotamia. Further about five hundred years they fought until they become weak.Sumerian culture had developed nation. It can be seen from the historic relics ever found. They live in the city with good planning.They have to make the streets wide and straight complete with water channels. To overcome sprinkle of Tigris and Eufrat, Sumerian race make-levee embankment. Sumerian race was also clever in making clothing from flax, made of brass goods, jewelry of gold, agricultural implements, and pottery of burnt clay. Nations also have known Sumerian writing referred to the letter "nail" (approximately there are 350 marks). The writing was made on plates of baked clay or dried. There are thousands of plates in writing with a "nail: that was successfully found. Fill in the pancake-making, among others, trade, sale, and orders for goods. Sumerian race was able to divide the circle into 360 ยบ, one year = 360 days, one hour = 60 minutes, and one minute = 60 seconds. Their famous literary hero Gilgamesh is the story.
Sumerian religious polytheism or nature worship many gods, such as the Air God, the God of Heaven, the God of Earth, Sea God.Nations Sumerian temples erected on a high rock pile. Sumerian religious center is located in the city race Nippur.
As a result of interstate conflict and war, cities, Sumerian weakened. Sumerian race go down after the arrival of the Akkadian from the desert north. Under the leadership of Sargon, the Akkadians in 2350 BC Sumerian and absorb it under control until a process of cultural assimilation and social integration of the two peoples culture. Sumerian became one of the areas controlled by the Akkadians. Territory includes the area east of the Tigris river and reached the western part of Asia Minor. Approximately four hundred years later conquered by the Akkadians Amorit race. This race also includes one of the Semitic family of nations.
B). Cultural Amorit (West Babylon). Government established by the United Nations Amorit Amorit (2000 BC) after defeating the Sumerian and Akkadian race. The most famous king who ruled in Babylonia is King Hamurabi. Hamurabi king in 1900 BC has been successfully organizing the rules or laws that cut on the stone monument called Hamurabi law. This law is set on all matters concerning the life of the people and the religious rules. Hamurabi law made on the basis of retaliation. That is, justice is considered achieved if every act of obtaining a worthwhile consideration. With the rule of the people can live in peace and to conduct one to decide the law. At present the Government of Babylonia, knowledge flourished. Knowledge that has been dominated by people of Babylonia, among others, astronomy, astrology, biology, mathematics, using policy count 60, and complete with satuannya geometry. Babylonian nation belief system is adoring many gods (polytheism). God is the god Marduk famous. Special feature of his worship is building towers and arches. Under the Hamurabi, Babylon reached its peak of prosperity. Culture of Babylonia became a general term for the whole culture of Mesopotamia.Extensive territory from the north of the city of Babylonia up to the Persian Gulf. Government Babylonian destruction suffered after being attacked by people Kassit national groups, including Indo-European or Indo-Germanic (Aria). Has dominated the race Kassit Msopotamia until the year 1000 BC.
C). Cultural Assyria. Dihulu Babylonia on the north side of the Tigris river since 3000 BC Assyria was populated by people who include national groups Semite. For thousands of years the Assyrian nation ruled by other nations so that they could not develop. However, the Assyrian nation finally emerged after the Government Babylonian collapse. They have to prepare ourselves for many years to obtain independence. In the year 1000 BC the nation of Assyria invaded and dominated Mesopotamia. The Assyrian nation after independence have ample territory. Government capital of the Assyrian nation located in Ninive (Tigris River). Government of the Assyrian nation is military and Dictator. They like to fight and be ruthless against his enemies. Therefore, the territory stretch to the Mediterranean Coast, Egypt and Arabia. King of the nation's largest state is the king of Assyria Esarhaddon (681-669 BC). Assyrian national culture has been developed and many imitate the Sumerian culture, for example in the field of astronomy, astrology, architecture, mathematics, as well as sculpture and statues. They have been able to count one year = 364 ¼ days (similar to the present). In sculpture and carving their biggest omission is the statue of the palace gate keeper in the form of two winged oxen and headed man who is also a symbol of Assyrian kingdom. In the field of literature, the nation experienced a rapid expansion of Assyria in the reign of Assurbanipal. King Assurbanipal has a vast library of other works of literature purporting to consist of 22,000 clay plate with lettering "nail". Due to his habit of rough, cruel, and warlike, ethnic Assyrians had many enemies. In the year 612 BC, the Assyrian nation from nation Khaldea attacks.
D). Cultural Khaldea (New Babylon). Khaldea race after race Assyiria successfully defeated and occupied the lands of Mesopotamia try rebuilding the former capital of the Old Babylonian New Babylonian government center. Government of New Babylon reached the pinnacle of success in the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar who ruled from 612-536 BC. District wide power until the Arabs, Palestine, and Judah. In the course of history suffered many wars Khaldea Nations, among others, the war in Judaea. From the war in Judea, many Jews into captivity in Babylonia. This event is often referred to as the Jewish exile in Babylonia. Cultural heritage, especially the Old Babylonian astronomy developed by the people of New Babylon. Many planets and the stars studied and named. Assyiria race has split into seven days a week and a day into 24 hours. In the area of the building and also has advanced aristektur. They have successfully created a beautiful garden on the roof garden called dependent. After the death of King Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian New go down until finally falling into the hands of the Persians in 539 BC.
Mesopotamia is a very fertile area because it has always been sought after by the nations around it. As the nations which were once powerful in Mesopotamia are: First, Race Sumerians, Akkadians or Semitic then; Second, the Old Babylonian Nations; Third, the nation of Assyria; Fourth, the Nation of New Babylon; Fifth, the Persian nation.
(Source: Suparman. Dkk.2003. IPS history. Surakarta: Tiga Serangkai.)
The Greeks call the area between the River Tigris in the name of Eufarat and Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian word comes from Greek mesos meaning middle and potamos means river. So, Mesopotamia means the area between the two great rivers flow.Large river in question is the River Eufarat (Arabic: River Euphrates) and the River Tigris which is situated in Iraq now. The area is very fertile and enough water to many people. Otherwise outside Mesopotamia's district is hilly and barren deserts and arid.In this region economically very profitable because of trade lines connecting South Asia (India) with Turkey, Armenia, as well as from around the Mediterranean Sea towards East Asia (China). The people of Mesopotamia, including national groups Semitic (white) half-nomadic living. Beternak while they also planted with bercocok moved to the fertile region.
A) Sumerian Culture. Nation is the nation's oldest Sumerian Mesopotamia. They came from the Susa and had stayed in Sumerian since the year 3000 BC. They re-establish the country's cities, such as Ur, Larsa, and Lagasy. Each of the city headed by a king who are also religious leaders. This city interstate competing and fighting to gain hegemony in Lower Mesopotamia. Further about five hundred years they fought until they become weak.Sumerian culture had developed nation. It can be seen from the historic relics ever found. They live in the city with good planning.They have to make the streets wide and straight complete with water channels. To overcome sprinkle of Tigris and Eufrat, Sumerian race make-levee embankment. Sumerian race was also clever in making clothing from flax, made of brass goods, jewelry of gold, agricultural implements, and pottery of burnt clay. Nations also have known Sumerian writing referred to the letter "nail" (approximately there are 350 marks). The writing was made on plates of baked clay or dried. There are thousands of plates in writing with a "nail: that was successfully found. Fill in the pancake-making, among others, trade, sale, and orders for goods. Sumerian race was able to divide the circle into 360 ยบ, one year = 360 days, one hour = 60 minutes, and one minute = 60 seconds. Their famous literary hero Gilgamesh is the story.
Sumerian religious polytheism or nature worship many gods, such as the Air God, the God of Heaven, the God of Earth, Sea God.Nations Sumerian temples erected on a high rock pile. Sumerian religious center is located in the city race Nippur.
As a result of interstate conflict and war, cities, Sumerian weakened. Sumerian race go down after the arrival of the Akkadian from the desert north. Under the leadership of Sargon, the Akkadians in 2350 BC Sumerian and absorb it under control until a process of cultural assimilation and social integration of the two peoples culture. Sumerian became one of the areas controlled by the Akkadians. Territory includes the area east of the Tigris river and reached the western part of Asia Minor. Approximately four hundred years later conquered by the Akkadians Amorit race. This race also includes one of the Semitic family of nations.
B). Cultural Amorit (West Babylon). Government established by the United Nations Amorit Amorit (2000 BC) after defeating the Sumerian and Akkadian race. The most famous king who ruled in Babylonia is King Hamurabi. Hamurabi king in 1900 BC has been successfully organizing the rules or laws that cut on the stone monument called Hamurabi law. This law is set on all matters concerning the life of the people and the religious rules. Hamurabi law made on the basis of retaliation. That is, justice is considered achieved if every act of obtaining a worthwhile consideration. With the rule of the people can live in peace and to conduct one to decide the law. At present the Government of Babylonia, knowledge flourished. Knowledge that has been dominated by people of Babylonia, among others, astronomy, astrology, biology, mathematics, using policy count 60, and complete with satuannya geometry. Babylonian nation belief system is adoring many gods (polytheism). God is the god Marduk famous. Special feature of his worship is building towers and arches. Under the Hamurabi, Babylon reached its peak of prosperity. Culture of Babylonia became a general term for the whole culture of Mesopotamia.Extensive territory from the north of the city of Babylonia up to the Persian Gulf. Government Babylonian destruction suffered after being attacked by people Kassit national groups, including Indo-European or Indo-Germanic (Aria). Has dominated the race Kassit Msopotamia until the year 1000 BC.
C). Cultural Assyria. Dihulu Babylonia on the north side of the Tigris river since 3000 BC Assyria was populated by people who include national groups Semite. For thousands of years the Assyrian nation ruled by other nations so that they could not develop. However, the Assyrian nation finally emerged after the Government Babylonian collapse. They have to prepare ourselves for many years to obtain independence. In the year 1000 BC the nation of Assyria invaded and dominated Mesopotamia. The Assyrian nation after independence have ample territory. Government capital of the Assyrian nation located in Ninive (Tigris River). Government of the Assyrian nation is military and Dictator. They like to fight and be ruthless against his enemies. Therefore, the territory stretch to the Mediterranean Coast, Egypt and Arabia. King of the nation's largest state is the king of Assyria Esarhaddon (681-669 BC). Assyrian national culture has been developed and many imitate the Sumerian culture, for example in the field of astronomy, astrology, architecture, mathematics, as well as sculpture and statues. They have been able to count one year = 364 ¼ days (similar to the present). In sculpture and carving their biggest omission is the statue of the palace gate keeper in the form of two winged oxen and headed man who is also a symbol of Assyrian kingdom. In the field of literature, the nation experienced a rapid expansion of Assyria in the reign of Assurbanipal. King Assurbanipal has a vast library of other works of literature purporting to consist of 22,000 clay plate with lettering "nail". Due to his habit of rough, cruel, and warlike, ethnic Assyrians had many enemies. In the year 612 BC, the Assyrian nation from nation Khaldea attacks.
D). Cultural Khaldea (New Babylon). Khaldea race after race Assyiria successfully defeated and occupied the lands of Mesopotamia try rebuilding the former capital of the Old Babylonian New Babylonian government center. Government of New Babylon reached the pinnacle of success in the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar who ruled from 612-536 BC. District wide power until the Arabs, Palestine, and Judah. In the course of history suffered many wars Khaldea Nations, among others, the war in Judaea. From the war in Judea, many Jews into captivity in Babylonia. This event is often referred to as the Jewish exile in Babylonia. Cultural heritage, especially the Old Babylonian astronomy developed by the people of New Babylon. Many planets and the stars studied and named. Assyiria race has split into seven days a week and a day into 24 hours. In the area of the building and also has advanced aristektur. They have successfully created a beautiful garden on the roof garden called dependent. After the death of King Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian New go down until finally falling into the hands of the Persians in 539 BC.
Mesopotamia is a very fertile area because it has always been sought after by the nations around it. As the nations which were once powerful in Mesopotamia are: First, Race Sumerians, Akkadians or Semitic then; Second, the Old Babylonian Nations; Third, the nation of Assyria; Fourth, the Nation of New Babylon; Fifth, the Persian nation.
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