Hubungan Internasional
International Relations(Source: Ms. Hernu, Civil Education for class XI IPS Semester 2)International relations are relations between nations in all its aspects, including political, social, economic, defense and even devoted to the national interest.a) The subject of international relations1) Countries (most formal), First and important subject.2) Organization of the individual3) National Organizationb) The model of international relations1) The relationship between the State, for example: Indonesia to the United States.2) State relationship between international organizations, such as Indonesia and the European Union.3) Relations between international organizations International organizations, such as ASEAN with the European Union.4) The relationship between organizational5) The relationship between individual countries, such as employers.c) The pattern of international relationsi) The pattern of colonizationPatterns of inequality that characterized the relationship that existed as one of the parties while the other colonial status as a colony. Dominate all aspects of the colonial party in the colony while the colonized are powerless or do not have the power to megatur and manage all aspects of life. For example: the relationship between Indonesia and the Netherlands before 1945.ii) The pattern of dependenceMarked by the parties to each other with inequalities. One of the superior status that dominates many aspects of the lives of others so as to make the other party depends on the other side is. For example: Indonesia and Japan. In effect this pattern is the pattern of colonization with a new model (Neo Colonialisme).iii) The pattern of equalityCharacterized by equality between the parties to each other and mutually reciprocal.d) Object International relationsi Politics, for example: Indonesia entered into diplomatic relations.Social ii, for example: Indonesia sends volunteers abroad.iii Economics, for example: Indonesia to import basic foods.iv Defense and Security, for example: joint military exercises between the countries.v Culture, for example: Indonesia sends ambassador to the German dancer.vi Technology, for example: Indonesia to buy 16 aircraft from Russia F.vii Law, Indonesia sending lawyers to court Manpower Indonesia (TKI) abroad.viii Security and Order, for example: border forces Indonesia to Malaysia.e) The purpose of international relations, to establish an import export perdangangani. Create peace between the State (8)ii. Spur economic growth in each State (7)iii. Establish and strengthen ties between the State (16)f) foreign policySet of policies which it is directed out of the country and intended for the national interest.International relations and foreign policy is foreign policy is used as a guide or basis in international relations, benefit plans, the lancer, and yield a profit. The principle of free political Indonesia berasaskan active, independent means independent or impartial, free is not tied to one of the strengths that exist in the world, freedom means not dependent on other countries and establishing relationships with other countries. Is active not passive and not neutral. Means participating actively creating world peace based on freedom, abiding peace and social justice. Impelemtasi Indonesia namely the conference Asia African, turuk participate in the Non-Aligned Movement, pengirimian peacekeepers "Garuda" under the United Nations.g) The instrument or means of foreign relationsA) The instrument of foreign relationsi diplomacy, diplomacy is all the government efforts to implement foreign policy.ii The state department, foreign affairs think tank or abroad to establish a data center.iii Representatives of diplomatic representatives Indonesia in the political (ie, outside the field of politics consular). Consists of: ambassador, ambassador, resident, charge d'affaires.B) Propaganda, propaganda that is a systematic effort of the State to influence the thoughts, attitudes, actions, emotions, a group of people or people of a State. Technical propaganda:a) Disclose the factual, objective, real.b) is defamatory or Big Liar hasut. Reveal a lie. For example: Propaganda United States against Iraq. Performed repeatedly affect the emotions, attitudes, actions, thoughts, and propaganda goals.For example:A. Japan gave in the future when Indonesia invaded Japan (04)2. U.S. armed forces to associate that Japan is the adverse mice or animals during World War II (5).3. Voice of America (VOA) aims to emulate the lifestyle of the United States (12).4. President Sukarno made the slogan "Crush Malaysia" (2).5. Nazi Germany used the symbol of the swastika as a symbol that people think that what the Nazis were for the good of (9).6. Former U.S. President George W. Bush had let out the issue of terrorism to divide (15).7. Germany has said that Indonesia does not have a "Safety Iflight" fleet is assumed to Indonesia ugly and did not come from Germany (7).C) The economic power, influence the intensity of foreign relations. Economic strength and the peace made the embargo, boycott, economic warfare. For example: Japanese Country embargoed oil from the Middle East to Japan.Embargo on the broader concept of the boycott. Economic war, for example: car assembly Vocational School (SMK), which made the engine comes from China's State, then Germany offers its engine to Vocational School (SMK).D) Military Force, can increase the confidence of the country concerned. Besides the military forces can increase the bargaining power (state power will most respected country concerned, such as the United States to issue the People's Republic of China and Taiwan and disputes in Ukraine and Russia NATO).
International Agreements
a) Prof. Dr. Muchtar KusumoatmodjaAgreements between nations to lead to certain legal consequences.b) SchwarzenbergerAgreements between subjects of international law lead to the obligations binding in international punishment.c) OppenheimerInter-state agreements creating rights and obligations are binding.d) Convection Vienna 1969Agreement between two or more countries that aim to result in certain legal consequences. The subject is different, in the sense Muchtar and Schwarzenberger the nation and the subject of Oppenheimer and the Vienna Convention and the State.A. Various kinds of international agreements1) From the subject:a) Agreement between the State, for example: Indonesia-Singapore extradition issue.b) Agreement between the International Organization countries.c) Agreement between the international organizations-organizations.2) From The object:a) Agreement in politics, for example: the agreement of NATO, SEATO, diplomatic agreements.b) economic agreements, such as exports and imports, APEC, CGI (Consultatif Group Indonesia) that donors from Japan, the IMF, the IBRD.c) Socio-cultural agreement, such as ASEAN (social economy and culture).d) Legal Agreements, such as extradition (return of another inmate of a State to State) Indonesia and Malaysia.e) Boundary Treaty, for example: Indonesia and Australia.3) Judging from thea) was an important, consist of: negotiation, signing and ratification (approval).b) Considered less important. Process: the negotiation and signing.4) How to forcea) Self Executing the agreement into force automatically ratified by the two countries.b) Non-self-executing, the treaty does not automatically apply even if ratified by the parliaments of each country to enforce the Act to be treated.5) Judging functiona) Law Making Treaties, a treaty that laid the legal rules for the international legal community. Usually, this is an open and multilateral agreements. Be open to countries that do not make arrangements to join.b) Contract Treaty, which normally are closed and participating countries should not join the agreement. For example: Dwikwarganegaraan Indonesia and the People's Republic of China.c) Treaty, the Declaration, the Protocol, and others.Representatives of Indonesia abroad1) Representatives of diplomatic, representing Indonesia in other countries the political field. Includes the fields of politics, science, social, cultural, and defense security.2) consular representatives, representatives of Indonesia in other countries which includes social non-political, economic, cultural.a) Representatives of the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia (Embassy), who terakreditasikan or placed certain State and is always located in the State capital.b) Permanent Mission of Indonesia (Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia) who terakreditasikan in certain international organizations. For example: the United Nations Permanent Mission of Indonesia in New York, PTRI Unesco.A) Basic Law of the opening of diplomaticArticle 11A. President with the approval of the House of Representatives declare war, make peace and agreement with other countries.2. President in making other international agreements which will produce an extensive and fundamental impact on the lives of the people associated with the financial burden of the State, and or require the company or the establishment of law subject to approval of the House of Representatives.3. Further provisions of international agreements shall be regulated by lawArticle 13A. The President appoints ambassadors and consuls.2. In the case of appointing ambassadors, the president of taking into consideration the House of Representatives (DPR).3. State President receives ambassadors of other placements by taking into consideration the House of Representatives.B) Basic Considerations1) It is important whether or not the position of the State senders and recipient countries.2) The size of the interest of the State senders and recipient countries.3) State the relationship Closely senders and recipient countries.C) Duties and Functions of representatives dilomatik1) Representing the interests of the State in the receiving State senders (called representatives).2) Protect the interests of the State and the recipient country citizens senders within the allowable limit of the receiving State law (called protection)3) Conducting negotiations with recipient countries (so-called Negosation or negotiations)4) Observe and report the condition and development of the receiving State to State government senders (called observations).5) Increase the friendly relations with other countries (called Relationship or Friendship)."Persona non grata" the diplomatic expelled.
D) Chronology of Diplomatic representation placementsI) The two sides exchanged information members need diplomatic relationsII) Approval of the receiving State (Demende Aggregation)III) The granting of credentials by the sending State to the State to the sender of the diplomat who will be assigned a task (letter de Credeance)IV) The delivery of his credentials to the head of the receiving State (letter de raple)Chronologically as follows:Phase I and phase II and phase III and phase IV and then back to phase I
E) diplomatic immunities and privileges (the right of immunity and imuniter)I) Immunity includes
a) Personal diplomatic, not subject to any legal / law of the receiving State.Personal diplomat should be treated in a comfortable, decent and safe in the receiving State.b) Immunity building diplomatic representatives and diplomatic residences.Diplomatic representative buildings and residences are considered diplomats teritorialotas extra rights (although in other countries where it is / are considered in their own territory, but diplomats do not have the right to asylum. Right to asylum is a right to the protection provider from another country to escape political and social reasons.c) The immunity of diplomatic correspondence. Diplomatic documents and correspondence must be maintained by the receiving State
II) Personanongrata, although it had the right of immunity, could be expelled by the receiving State.III) Diplomatic Privileges
a) Exemption of tax payment, eg, the export tax of the recipient country.b) Exemption from customs duty (the port).
F) Representative consular representatives of the Republic of Indonesia which is outside the field of non-political (science, social, cultural, economic, defense, and security). The device consists of consular representatives:a) Consulate-general: be in charge of some kekonsulan, places in the State Capital.b) Consulate: a city is placed, helping consultants generals. For example, the U.S. consulate in the city of Malang and Surabaya.c) Vice-Consul: designated consuls and consuls-general.d) Agent consul: limited given the task, the settlement counsel.
G) The function of consular representativesa) Improve relations with recipient countries in economy, trade, culture sosialm.b) Protect the interests of the State and its citizens in the environment where the task. For example: a place in Johor, where their duties in Johor.c) Providing guidance and oversight of citizens of the sending State in the workplace.d) Conducting research in wiloayah his observations.e) Conduct the affairs of illumination (providing information), protocol, and coding.f) Carry out administrative functions, financial, passport, and so forth.
H) Consular Privilegesa) Does not have the right to immunity but the places are free from local taxes.b) Immunity correspondence / correspondence.c) The right not to appear as a witness.
Differences diplomatic corps (group diplomatic) and consular corps (the consular) (4?)1) Diplomatic Corps (diplomatic group)a) Diplomatic Corps representing the sending State to take care of politics (12)b) have the right of extraterritoriality Diplomatic Corps (2)c) Diplomatic Corps, a representative of the State (5)d) represents the interests of State Diplomatic Corps senders in the receiving State (6)e) Diplomatic Corps are tax-free area (18)f) Diplomatic Corps, the former from liability palbean (2)g) Diplomatic Corps, always matched in the capital of the receiving State (3)h) Diplomatic Corps, to protect the citizens of the sending State (11)i) Diplomatic Corps, letter of assignment signed by the heads of State Tangai (18)j) Diplomatic Corps, the right of immunity (9)k) Diplomatic exempt from taxation in the entire territory of the recipient (2)l) Can be connected directly to the head of the State (20)
2) Consular Corpsa) Consular Corps has no authority in the field of politics (12)b) Consular Corps does not have the right exstrateritorial (2)c) Consular Corps, the State may be more than one consulate (5)d) Consular Corps to protect the State and its citizens in its work environment (6)e) Consular Corps free from narrow tax (18)f) Consular Corps is obligated to pay customs fees (2)g) Consular Corps stationed in the territory of (3)h) Consular Corps placement only in the region (11)i) Consular Corps, letter of assignment signed by foreign ministersj) Consular Corps does not have the right of immunity (9)k) Consular Corps local area free of tax (2)l) Consular deal directly with the local authorities (20)
(Sumber:Ms. Hernu, Civil Education for class XI IPS Semester 2)
Hubungan Internasional adalah hubungan antar bangsa dengan segala aspeknya yang meliputi politik, social, ekonomi, bahkan pertahanan keamanan yang ditujukan untuk kepentingan nasional.
a) Subyek hubungan Internasional
1) Negara (paling formal), subyek Pertama dan penting.
2) Organisasi orang perorangan
3) Organisasi Nasional
b) Bentuk hubungan Internasional
1) Hubungan antara Negara, misalnya: Indonesia dengan Amerika Serikat.
2) Hubungan Negara antara organisasi Internasional, misalnya: Indonesia dengan Uni Eropa.
3) Hubungan organisasi Internasional antara organisasi internasional, misalnya: ASEAN dengan Uni Eropa.
4) Hubungan antara organisasi
5) Hubungan Negara antara perorangan, misalnya: pengusaha.
c) Pola hubungan Internasional
i) Pola penjajahan
Pola yang ditandai ketidaksetaraan pihak yang menjalin hubungan salah satu pihak berstatus sebagai penjajah sedangkan pihak lain berstatus sebagai wilayah jajahan. Pihak penjajah mendominasi semua aspek di wilayah jajahan sedangkan pihak yang terjajah tidak berdaya atau tidak memiliki daya untuk megatur dan mengurus seluruh aspek-aspek kehidupannya. Misalnya: hubungan Indonesia dengan Belanda sebelum tahun 1945.
ii) Pola Ketergantungan
Ditandai dengan antara pihak satu dengan yang lain dengan ketidak setaraan. Salah satu pihak berstatus lebih unggul yang mendominasi banyak aspek kehidupan terhadap pihak lain sehingga membuat pihak yang satunya tergantung terhadap pihak yang satunya tersebut. Misalnya: Indonesia dengan Jepang. Pada hakekatnya pola ini adalah pola penjajahan dengan model baru (Neo Colonialisme).
iii) Pola kesetaraan
Ditandai dengan kesetaraan antar pihak satu dengan pihak yang lain dan saling timbale balik.
d) Obyek hubungan Internasional
i Politik, misalnya: Indonesia mengadakan hubungan diplomatic.
ii Sosial, misalnya: Indonesia mengirimkan relawan ke luar negeri.
iii Ekonomi, misalnya: Indonesia mengimpor sembako.
iv Pertahanan dan Keamanan, misalnya: Latihan militer bersama antara Negara.
v Budaya, misalnya: Indonesia mengirimkan duta penari ke Jerman.
vi Teknologi, misalnya: Indonesia membeli pesawat F 16 dari Russia.
vii Hukum, Indonesia mengirim pengacara untuk peradilan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) di luar negeri.
viii Kemanan dan Ketertiban, misalnya: pasukan perbatasan Indonesia dengan Malaysia.
e) Tujuan hubungan Internasional, dengan menjalin perdangangan ekspor impor
i. Menciptakan perdamaian antara Negara (8)
ii. Memacu pertumbuhan ekonomi setiap Negara (7)
iii. Menjalin dan mempererat hubungan antara Negara (16)
f) Politik luar negeri
Rangkaian kebijakan yang diarah kan keluar negeri serta ditujukan untuk kepentingan nasional.
Hubungan Internasional dan politik luar negeri adalah politik luar negeri digunakan sebagai pedoman atau landasan dalam menjalin hubungan internasional, rencananya untung, proses lancer, dan hasil untung.
Ø Asas politik Indonesia berasaskan bebas aktif, bebas berarti merdeka atau tidak memihak, bebas tidak terikat terhadap salah satu kekuatan yang ada di dunia, bebas berarti tidak tergantung pada Negara lain dan menjalin hubungan dengan Negara lain. Aktif adalah tidak pasif dan tidak netral. Aktif berarti ikut berperan serta menciptakan perdamaian dunia berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi dan keadilan social. Impelemtasi Indonesia yakni penyelenggaraan konferensi Asia Afrika, turuk ikut dalam Gerakan Non Blok, pengirimian pasukan perdamaian “Garuda” dibawah Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa.
g) Instrumen atau sarana hubungan luar negeri
A) Instrumen hubungan luar negeri
i Diplomasi, diplomasi merupakan seluruh upaya pemerintah melaksanakan politik luar negeri.
ii Departemen luar negeri, think tank hubungan luar negeri atau pusat data menjalin luar negeri.
iii Perwakilan diplomatic merupakan perwakilan Indonesia dibidang politik (diluar bidang politik yakni konsuler). Terdiri dari: Duta besar, duta, residen, kuasa usaha.
B) Propaganda, propaganda yakni upaya yang sistematis yang dilakukan Negara untuk mempengaruhi pikiran, sikap, tindakan, emosi, sekelompok orang atau rakyat suatu Negara.
Ø Teknis propaganda:
a) Mengungkap hal factual, obyektif, nyata.
b) Big Liar merupakan fitnah atau hasut. Mengungkapkan hal bohong. Misalnya: Propaganda Amerika Serikat terhadap Iraq. Dilakukan secara berulang-ulang mempengaruhi emosi, sikap, tindakan, pikiran, dan sasaran propaganda.
Contohnya:
1. Jepang memberikan dimasa depan ketika Indonesia dijajah Jepang (04)
2. Angkatan bersenjata Amerika Serikat mengasosiasikan bahwa Jepang adalah tikus atau binatang yang merugikan saat perang dunia ke II (5).
3. Voice of America (VOA) bertujuan untuk meniru gaya hidup Amerika Serikat (12).
4. Presiden Soekarno membuat slogan “Ganyang Malaysia” (2).
5. NAZI Jerman menggunakan lambing swastika sebagai lambangnya agar orang mengira bahwa apa yang dilakukan NAZI adalah untuk kebaikan (9).
6. Mantan Presiden Amerika Serikat, George W. Bush pernah menghembuskan isu-isu terorisme untuk memecah belah (15).
7. Jerman pernah menyatakan bahwa Indonesia tak memiliki “Safety Iflight” di duga armada Indonesia jelek dan tak berasal dari Jerman (7).
C) Kekuatan ekonomi, mempengaruhi intensitas hubungan luar negeri. Kekuatan ekonomi dilakukan masa damai dan masa embargo, boikot, perang ekonomi. Misal: Negara Jepang diembargo minyak tanah dari Timur Tengah terhadap Jepang. Embargo pada konsepnya lebih luas dari boikot. Perang ekonomi, misalnya: perakitan mobil Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) yang mesinnya berasal dari buatan Negara China, lalu Jerman menawarkan mesinnya kepada Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK).
D) Kekuatan Militer, dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan diri bagi Negara yang bersangkutan. Selain itu kekuatan militer dapat meningkatkan posisi tawar (Negara kekuatan besar akan disegani Negara yang bersangkutan, misalnya Amerika Serikat dengan masalah Republik Rakyat China dan Taiwan dan sengketa NATO pada Ukraina dan Russia).
Perjanjian Internasional
a) Prof. Dr. Muchtar Kusumoatmodja
Perjanjian antar bangsa untuk mengakibatkan akibat hukum tertentu.
b) Schwarzenberger
Perjanjian antara subyek-subyek hukum Internasional yang menimbulkan kewajiban-kewajiban yang mengikat dalam hukuman internasional.
c) Oppenheimer
Perjanjian antar Negara yang menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban yang mengikat.
d) Konveksi Wina 1969
Perjanjian antara dua Negara atau lebih yang bertujuan untuk mengakibatkan akibat hukum tertentu.
Ø Subyeknya berbeda, di dalam pengertian Muchtar dan Schwarzenberger yakni bangsa dan subyek dan Oppenheimer dan Konvensi Wina yakni Negara.
A. Macam-macam perjanjian Internasional
1) Dari subyeknya:
a) Perjanjian antara Negara, misalnya: masalah ekstradisi Indonesia-Singapura.
b) Perjanjian antara organisasi Internasional-negara.
c) Perjanjian antara organisasi Internasional-organisasi.
2) Dari Obyeknya:
a) Perjanjian bidang politik, misalnya: perjanjian NATO, SEATO, perjanjian diplomatic.
b) Perjanjian bidang ekonomi, misalnya: ekspor impor, APEC, CGI (Consultatif Group Indonesia) yakni donator dari Jepang, IMF, IBRD.
c) Perjanjian Sosial Budaya, misalnya: ASEAN (ekonomi social budaya).
d) Perjanjian Hukum, misalnya: ekstradisi (pemulangan Narapidana disuatu Negara lain ke Negara tersebut) Indonesia dan Malaysia.
e) Perjanjian Batas Wilayah, misalnya: Indonesia dengan Australia.
3) Dilihat dari proses
a) Dianggap penting, terdiri dari : perundingan, penandatanganan dan ratifikasi (pengesahan).
b) Dianggap kurang penting. Proses: perundingan dan penandatanganan.
4) Cara berlakunya
a) Self Executing, perjanjian otomatis berlaku sejak diratifikasi oleh kedua Negara tersebut.
b) Non self executing, perjanjian tidak otomatis berlaku walau diratifikasi oleh parlemen masing-masing Negara untuk memberlakukannya diperlakukan Undang-undang.
5) Dilihat fungsinya
a) Law Making Treaties, perjanjian internasional yang meletakkan kaidah-kaidah hukum bagi masyarakat Internasional secara hukum. Biasanya berbentuk perjanjian multilateral dan bersifat terbuka. Bersifat terbuka yakni Negara-negara yang tidak membuat perjanjian dapat bergabung.
b) Treaty Contract, biasanya bersifat tertutup yakni Negara yang ikut perjanjian tidak boleh gabung. Misalnya: Dwikwarganegaraan Indonesia dan Republik Rakyat China.
c) Pakta, Deklarasi, Protokol, dan lainnya.
Perwakilan Indonesia di luar negeri
1) Perwakilan diplomatic, mewakili Indonesia di Negara lain bidang politis. Mencakup bidang politik, ilmu pengetahuan, social, budaya, dan pertahanan keamanan.
2) Perwakilan konsuler, perwakilan Indonesia di Negara lain yang non politik mencakup social, ekonomi, budaya.
a) Perwakilan Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia (KBRI), yang terakreditasikan atau ditempatkan Negara tertentu dan selalu bertempat di Ibu kota Negara.
b) PTRI (Perutusan Tetap Republik Indonesia) yang terakreditasikan pada organisasi Internasional tertentu. Misalnya: PTRI Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa di New York, PTRI Unesco.
A) Dasar Hukum pembukaan diplomatic
Pasal 11
1. Presiden dengan persetujuan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat menyatakan Perang, membuat perdamaian dan perjanjian dengan Negara lain.
2. Presiden dalam membuat perjanjian internasional lainnya yang menimbulkan akibat yang luas dan mendasar bagi kehidupan rakyat yang terkait dengan beban keuangan Negara, dan atau mengharuskan perusahaan atau pembentukan undang-undang harus dengan persetujuan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat.
3. Ketentuan lebih lanjut tentang perjanjian internasional diatur dengan undang-undang
Pasal 13
1. Presiden mengangkat duta dan konsul.
2. Dalam hal mengangkat duta, presiden memperhatikan pertimbangan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR).
3. Presiden menerima penempatan duta Negara lain dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat.
B) Dasar Pertimbangan
1) Penting tidaknya kedudukan Negara pengutus dan Negara penerima.
2) Besar kecilnya kepentingan Negara pengutus dan Negara penerima.
3) Erat tidaknya hubungan Negara pengutus dan Negara penerima.
C) Tugas dan Fungsi perwakilan dilomatik
1) Mewakili kepentingan Negara pengutus di Negara penerima (disebut Representatif).
2) Melindungi kepentingan Negara dan warga Negara pengutus dinegara penerima dalam batas yang diijinkan Undang-undang Negara penerima (disebut Proteksi)
3) Mengadakan perundingan dengan Negara penerima (disebut Negosation atau Perundingan)
4) Mengamati dan melaporkan kondisi dan perkembangan Negara penerima kepada pemerintah Negara pengutus (disebut Observasi).
5) Meningkatkan hubungan persahabatan dengan Negara lain (disebut Relationship atau Persahabatan).
“Persona non grata” yakni diplomatic yang diusir.
D) Kronologi penempatan perwakilan Diplomatik
I) Kedua belah pihak saling member informasi perlunya hubungan diplomatic
II) Pemberian persetujuan dari Negara penerima (Demende Aggregation)
III) Pemberian surat kepercayaan oleh kepada Negara pengirim kepada Negara kepada pengirim kepada diplomat yang akan diberi Tugas (letter de Credeance)
IV) Penyerahan surat kepercayaan kepada kepala Negara penerima (letter de raple)
Kronologis sebagai berikut:
Fase I kemudian fase II kemudian fase III kemudian fase IV kemudian kembali ke fase I
E) Kekebalan dan keistimewaan diplomatic (Hak imunitas dan imuniter)
I) Kekebalan itu mencakup
a) Pribadi diplomatic, tidak tunduk ada yuridis/ hukum Negara penerima. Pribadi diplomat harus diperlakukan secara nyaman, layak dan aman di Negara penerima.
b) Kekebalan gedung perwakilan diplomatic dan rumah tinggal diplomat. Gedung perwakilan diplomatic dan rumah tinggal diplomat dianggap hak ekstra teritorialotas (walaupun tempat di Negara lain tetap berada/ dianggap di wilayah sendiri, tetapi diplomat tidak memiliki hak asylum. Hak asylum adalah hak pemberi perlindungan dari Negara lain yang melarikan diri dengan alasan politik dan social.
c) Kekebalan korespondensi diplomatic. Surat menyurat dokumen diplomatic harus dijaga oleh Negara penerima
II) Personanongrata, meskipun punya hak imunitas, bisa diusir oleh Negara penerima.
III) Keistimewaan diplomatic
a) Pembebasan pembayaran pajak, missal pajak ekspor dari Negara penerima.
b) Pembebasan dari kewajiban pabean (pelabuhan).
F) Perwakilan konsuler adalah Perwakilan Republik Indonesia yang diluar bidang non politik (Ilmu pengetahuan, social, budaya, ekonomi, pertahanan, dan keamanan). Perangkat perwakilan konsuler terdiri atas:
a) Konsulat jenderal : bisa membawahi beberapa kekonsulan, tempat di ibukota Negara.
b) Konsulat: ditempatkan suatu kota, membantu konsultan jenderal. Misalnya konsulat Amerika Serikat di kota Malang dan Surabaya.
c) Wakil konsul: diperuntukan konsul dan konsul jenderal.
d) Agen konsul: diserahi tugas terbatas, tempat pemukiman konsul.
G) Fungsi perwakilan konsuler
a) Meningkatkan hubungan dengan Negara penerima dalam bidang ekonomi, perdagangan, sosialm budaya.
b) Melindungi kepentingan Negara dan warga negaranya dilingkungan tempat tugasnya. Misalnya: tempat di daerah Johor, tempat tugasnya di Johor.
c) Melakukan bimbingan dan pengawasan terhadap warga Negara pengirim di tempat kerjanya.
d) Melakukan pengamatan penelitian dalam wiloayah kerjanya.
e) Menyelenggarakan urusan penerangan (memberi informasi), protokoler, dan persandian.
f) Melaksanakan fungsi administrasi, keuangan, pembuatan paspor, dan sebagainya.
H) Keistimewaan konsuler
a) Tidak memiliki hak imunitas tetapi bebas dari pajak tempat setempat.
b) Kekebalan korespodensi/ surat menyurat.
c) Hak untuk tidak hadir sebagai saksi.
Ø Perbedaan korp diplomatic (kelompok diplomatic) dan korp konsuler (kelompok konsuler) (4?)
1) Korp diplomatic (kelompok diplomatic)
a) Korp diplomatic mewakili Negara pengirim untuk mengurusi bidang politik (12)
b) Korp diplomatic mempunyai hak ekstrateritorialitas (2)
c) Korp diplomatic, satu Negara satu perwakilan (5)
d) Korp diplomatic mewakili kepentingan Negara pengutus di Negara penerima (6)
e) Korp diplomatic bebas dari pajak luas (18)
f) Korp diplomatic, bekas dari kewajiban palbean (2)
g) Korp diplomatic, ditepatkan selalu di ibukota Negara penerima (3)
h) Korp diplomatic, melindungi warga Negara pengirim (11)
i) Korp diplomatic, surat penugasan ditanda tangai oleh kepala Negara (18)
j) Korp diplomatic, hak immunitas (9)
k) Diplomatic bebas dari pajak di seluruh wilayah Negara penerima (2)
l) Dapat berhubungan langsung dengan kepala Negara (20)
2) Korp konsuler
a) Korp konsuler tidak mempunyai wewenang dalam bidang politik (12)
b) Korp konsuler tidak mempunyai hak exstrateritorial (2)
c) Korp konsuler, satu Negara boleh lebih dari satu konsuler (5)
d) Korp konsuler melindungi Negara dan warga negaranya di lingkungan tempat tugasnya (6)
e) Korp konsuler bebas dari pajak sempit (18)
f) Korp konsuler wajib membayar biaya pabean (2)
g) Korp konsuler ditempatkan di wilayah Negara (3)
h) Korp konsuler hanya di wilayah penempatannya (11)
i) Korp konsuler, surat penugasan ditanda tangani menteri luar negeri
j) Korp konsuler tidak memiliki hak imunitas (9)
k) Korp konsuler bebas dari pajak wilayah setempat (2)
l) Konsuler berhubungan langsung dengan otoritas setempat (20)
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english)
International Agreements
a) Prof. Dr. Muchtar KusumoatmodjaAgreements between nations to lead to certain legal consequences.b) SchwarzenbergerAgreements between subjects of international law lead to the obligations binding in international punishment.c) OppenheimerInter-state agreements creating rights and obligations are binding.d) Convection Vienna 1969Agreement between two or more countries that aim to result in certain legal consequences. The subject is different, in the sense Muchtar and Schwarzenberger the nation and the subject of Oppenheimer and the Vienna Convention and the State.A. Various kinds of international agreements1) From the subject:a) Agreement between the State, for example: Indonesia-Singapore extradition issue.b) Agreement between the International Organization countries.c) Agreement between the international organizations-organizations.2) From The object:a) Agreement in politics, for example: the agreement of NATO, SEATO, diplomatic agreements.b) economic agreements, such as exports and imports, APEC, CGI (Consultatif Group Indonesia) that donors from Japan, the IMF, the IBRD.c) Socio-cultural agreement, such as ASEAN (social economy and culture).d) Legal Agreements, such as extradition (return of another inmate of a State to State) Indonesia and Malaysia.e) Boundary Treaty, for example: Indonesia and Australia.3) Judging from thea) was an important, consist of: negotiation, signing and ratification (approval).b) Considered less important. Process: the negotiation and signing.4) How to forcea) Self Executing the agreement into force automatically ratified by the two countries.b) Non-self-executing, the treaty does not automatically apply even if ratified by the parliaments of each country to enforce the Act to be treated.5) Judging functiona) Law Making Treaties, a treaty that laid the legal rules for the international legal community. Usually, this is an open and multilateral agreements. Be open to countries that do not make arrangements to join.b) Contract Treaty, which normally are closed and participating countries should not join the agreement. For example: Dwikwarganegaraan Indonesia and the People's Republic of China.c) Treaty, the Declaration, the Protocol, and others.Representatives of Indonesia abroad1) Representatives of diplomatic, representing Indonesia in other countries the political field. Includes the fields of politics, science, social, cultural, and defense security.2) consular representatives, representatives of Indonesia in other countries which includes social non-political, economic, cultural.a) Representatives of the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia (Embassy), who terakreditasikan or placed certain State and is always located in the State capital.b) Permanent Mission of Indonesia (Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia) who terakreditasikan in certain international organizations. For example: the United Nations Permanent Mission of Indonesia in New York, PTRI Unesco.A) Basic Law of the opening of diplomaticArticle 11A. President with the approval of the House of Representatives declare war, make peace and agreement with other countries.2. President in making other international agreements which will produce an extensive and fundamental impact on the lives of the people associated with the financial burden of the State, and or require the company or the establishment of law subject to approval of the House of Representatives.3. Further provisions of international agreements shall be regulated by lawArticle 13A. The President appoints ambassadors and consuls.2. In the case of appointing ambassadors, the president of taking into consideration the House of Representatives (DPR).3. State President receives ambassadors of other placements by taking into consideration the House of Representatives.B) Basic Considerations1) It is important whether or not the position of the State senders and recipient countries.2) The size of the interest of the State senders and recipient countries.3) State the relationship Closely senders and recipient countries.C) Duties and Functions of representatives dilomatik1) Representing the interests of the State in the receiving State senders (called representatives).2) Protect the interests of the State and the recipient country citizens senders within the allowable limit of the receiving State law (called protection)3) Conducting negotiations with recipient countries (so-called Negosation or negotiations)4) Observe and report the condition and development of the receiving State to State government senders (called observations).5) Increase the friendly relations with other countries (called Relationship or Friendship)."Persona non grata" the diplomatic expelled.
D) Chronology of Diplomatic representation placementsI) The two sides exchanged information members need diplomatic relationsII) Approval of the receiving State (Demende Aggregation)III) The granting of credentials by the sending State to the State to the sender of the diplomat who will be assigned a task (letter de Credeance)IV) The delivery of his credentials to the head of the receiving State (letter de raple)Chronologically as follows:Phase I and phase II and phase III and phase IV and then back to phase I
E) diplomatic immunities and privileges (the right of immunity and imuniter)I) Immunity includes
a) Personal diplomatic, not subject to any legal / law of the receiving State.Personal diplomat should be treated in a comfortable, decent and safe in the receiving State.b) Immunity building diplomatic representatives and diplomatic residences.Diplomatic representative buildings and residences are considered diplomats teritorialotas extra rights (although in other countries where it is / are considered in their own territory, but diplomats do not have the right to asylum. Right to asylum is a right to the protection provider from another country to escape political and social reasons.c) The immunity of diplomatic correspondence. Diplomatic documents and correspondence must be maintained by the receiving State
II) Personanongrata, although it had the right of immunity, could be expelled by the receiving State.III) Diplomatic Privileges
a) Exemption of tax payment, eg, the export tax of the recipient country.b) Exemption from customs duty (the port).
F) Representative consular representatives of the Republic of Indonesia which is outside the field of non-political (science, social, cultural, economic, defense, and security). The device consists of consular representatives:a) Consulate-general: be in charge of some kekonsulan, places in the State Capital.b) Consulate: a city is placed, helping consultants generals. For example, the U.S. consulate in the city of Malang and Surabaya.c) Vice-Consul: designated consuls and consuls-general.d) Agent consul: limited given the task, the settlement counsel.
G) The function of consular representativesa) Improve relations with recipient countries in economy, trade, culture sosialm.b) Protect the interests of the State and its citizens in the environment where the task. For example: a place in Johor, where their duties in Johor.c) Providing guidance and oversight of citizens of the sending State in the workplace.d) Conducting research in wiloayah his observations.e) Conduct the affairs of illumination (providing information), protocol, and coding.f) Carry out administrative functions, financial, passport, and so forth.
H) Consular Privilegesa) Does not have the right to immunity but the places are free from local taxes.b) Immunity correspondence / correspondence.c) The right not to appear as a witness.
Differences diplomatic corps (group diplomatic) and consular corps (the consular) (4?)1) Diplomatic Corps (diplomatic group)a) Diplomatic Corps representing the sending State to take care of politics (12)b) have the right of extraterritoriality Diplomatic Corps (2)c) Diplomatic Corps, a representative of the State (5)d) represents the interests of State Diplomatic Corps senders in the receiving State (6)e) Diplomatic Corps are tax-free area (18)f) Diplomatic Corps, the former from liability palbean (2)g) Diplomatic Corps, always matched in the capital of the receiving State (3)h) Diplomatic Corps, to protect the citizens of the sending State (11)i) Diplomatic Corps, letter of assignment signed by the heads of State Tangai (18)j) Diplomatic Corps, the right of immunity (9)k) Diplomatic exempt from taxation in the entire territory of the recipient (2)l) Can be connected directly to the head of the State (20)
2) Consular Corpsa) Consular Corps has no authority in the field of politics (12)b) Consular Corps does not have the right exstrateritorial (2)c) Consular Corps, the State may be more than one consulate (5)d) Consular Corps to protect the State and its citizens in its work environment (6)e) Consular Corps free from narrow tax (18)f) Consular Corps is obligated to pay customs fees (2)g) Consular Corps stationed in the territory of (3)h) Consular Corps placement only in the region (11)i) Consular Corps, letter of assignment signed by foreign ministersj) Consular Corps does not have the right of immunity (9)k) Consular Corps local area free of tax (2)l) Consular deal directly with the local authorities (20)
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