STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DAN INTERSEKSI
(Sumber:Ali, Nur. Modul Bahan Ajar Sosiologi Untuk Sekolah Menengah Atas- Madrasah Aliyah Kelas XI IPS Semester 1. Ponorogo: MGMP Gandini.)
A. Pengertian, Fungsi, Proses, dan Sifat Stratifikasi Sosial
- Pengertian dan Fungsi Stratifikasi Sosial, Menurut Pitirim Alexander Sorokin, stratifikasi adalah pembedaan penduduk atau warga masyarakat ke dalam kelas-kelas secara bertingkat. Menurut Robert M. Z. Lawang, stratifikasi adalah penggolongan orang-orang yang termasuk dalam suatu sistem social tertentu ke dalam pelapisan hierarki menurut dimensi kekuasaan, privilise (hak istimewa), dan prestisie (kewibawaan, gengsi, martabat, nama baik). Menurut Soerjono Soekanto, stratifikasi adalah pembedaan anggota masyarakat secara vertical berdasarkan status social yang dimiliki masyarakat. Menurut Bossard perwujudan stratifikasi social masyarakat ditandai dengan kelas social seperti: upper class (lapisan atas); middle class (lapisan menengah); lower class (lapisan bawah). Stratifikasi terjadi karena adanya sesuatu yang dihargai. Apabila seseorang memiliki sesuatu yang berharga, maka ia akan menduduki lapisan paling atas, sedangkan apabila seseorang tidak memiliki sesuatu yang berharga, maka ia akan menduduki lapisan paling bawah. Fungsi stratifikasi social yakni:
1) Sebagai alat bagi bagi masyarakat untuk mendistribusikan prestasi atau hak-hak dan kewajibannya
2) Untuk menyusun, mengatur, dan mengawasi, antar anggota masyarakat
3) Sebagai pemersatu dan mengkoordinasi unit-unit yang ada dalam struktur social
4) Untuk mengkategorikan anggota masyarakat ke dalam tingkatan-tingkatan yang berbeda
- Proses, Dasar, dan Sifat Stratifikasi Sosial
a. Proses dan Dasar Terjadinya Stratifikasi Sosial
Statifikasi social dalam masyarakat terjadi melalui dua kemungkinan yaitu:
1. Stratifikasi social yang terjadi dengan sendirinya sesuai dengan pertumbuhan masyarkat yang bersangkutan. Misalnya kepandaian, tingkat umur, sifat keaslian, dan kekayaan.
2. Stratifikasi social yang terjadi dengan direncanakan, terjadi secara sengaja dengan maksud untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Misalnya sistem kepangkatan dalam Polisi dan Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI).
Dasar yang digunakan untuk menentukan sistem stratifikasi social masyarakat, menurut Bernard Barber yaitu: jabatan atau pekerjaan, kedudukan dalam sistem kekerabatan, keagamaan, wewenang atau kekuasaan, pendidikan atau ilmu pengetahuan. Menurut Paul B. Horton yaitu: kekayaan atau penghasilan, pekerjaan, dan pendidikan. Menurut Pitirim Alexander Sorokin yaitu: jabatan atau pekerjaan, agama, keturunan, politik, kekayaan, pendidikan atau pengetahuan. Menurut Koentjaraningrat yaitu: kualitas dan kepandaian, pangkat dan jabatan, tingkat umur yang berbeda, keanggotaan kaum kerabat kepala masyarakat, kekuasaan dan pengaruhnya, sifat keasliannya, dan kekayaan harta benda.
b. Sifat-sifat stratifikasi social
1. Stratifikasi social terbuka (Open Sosial stratification), cirri-cirinya:
a) Memberikan kesempatan yang seluas-luasnya pada setiap orang untuk berusaha dengan kemampuannya sebdiri untuk naik ke lapisan social yang lebih tinggi.
b) Bagi mereka yang kurang beruntung bisa turun ke lapisan yang lebih rendah
c) Keanggotaannya di dasarkan pada kemampuan dan prestasi yang dimiliki melalui sistem persaingan yang ketat. Contoh: pelapisan social dalam Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI), Polisi Republik Indonesia (POLRI), dan Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS).
2. Stratifikasi social Tertutup (Closed Sosial Stratification), cirri-cirinya:
a) Membatasi kemungkinan pindahnya seseorang dari lapisan social yang satu dengan yang lapisan social yang lainnya.
b) Keanggotaannya di dasarkan pada kelahiran atau keturunan
3. Stratifikas social campuran (mixed social stratification), cirri-cirinya:
a) Membatasi kemungkinan berpindah dalam bidang-bidang tertentu, tetapi member kesesmpatan untuk melakukan perpindahan pada lapisan bidang lainnya.
b) Keanggotaannya merupakan perpaduan antara kemampuan dan prestasi dengan kelahiran atau keturunan. Contoh: pelapisan social masyarakat feodal (colonial Hindia Belanda) di Jawa.
B. Bentuk-bentuk dan Unsur-unsur stratifikasi social
- Bentuk-bentuk Stratifikasi Sosial
a. Stratifikasi social atas dasar criteria ekonomi, yaitu pembedaan anggota masyarakat atas dasar kepemilikan materi atau penghasilan yang diperoleh. Atas dasar criteria ekonomi dibagi atas:
1) Lapisan atas : kelompok orang kaya dengan pendapatan yang sangat tinggi. Mereka mempunyai pola konsumsi tinggi dengan gaya hidup modern.
2) Lapisan menengah :kelompok orang yang memiliki pendapatan rata-rata di atas orang kebanyakan di dalam masyarakat. Mereka memiliki aspirasi social dan permintaan ekonomi yang meningkat.
3) Lapisan bawah :kelompok yang masih memiliki pendapatan rendah atau berada di bawah garis kemiskinan. Mereka terdiri dari orang yang belum memanfaatkan atau kurang diuntungkan dalam proses modernisasi.
b. Stratifikasi social atas dasar criteria politik, yaitu pembedaan anggota masyarkat berdasarkan tingkat kekuasaan yang dimiliki. Menurut Mac Iver membagi kekuasaan dalam stratificasi social sebagai berikut:
1) Tipe kasta, lapisan kekuasaan dengan garis pemisah yang tegas dan kaku dan tidak kemungkinan gerak social yang vertikan sehingga garis pemisah antar lapisan hampir tidak tertembus.
2) Tipe Oligarkhi, sistem lapisan kekuasaan dengan garis pemisah yang tegas, namun dasar pembedaan kelas social ditentukan oleh kebudayaan masyarakat, bersifat semi terbuka, biasanya pada masyarakat feodal.
3) Tipe demokrasi, adalah sistem lapisan kekuasaan yang bersifat luwes dan terbuka, seluruh lapisan masyatakat, terjadi pada masyarakt modern, yang menentukan adalah kemampuan dan prestasi yang dimiliki.
c. Stratifikasi social atas dasar criteria social, yaitu pembedaan anggota masyarakat berdasarkan status social yang dimiliki dalam masyarakat, yang digunakan untuk menentukan sistem stratifikasi social bermacam-macam tergantung dinamika masyarakt. Contoh, stratifikasi social atas dasar criteria social:
1. Atas dasar prestisie (kewibawaan, nama baik) menrut pekerjaan, terbagi atas:
a) Pekerjaan Halus atau Pekerja Kerah Putih (White Collar), merka mengandalkan pikiran, kertas, dan pena.
b) Pekerja Kasar atau Pekerja Kerah Biru (Blue Collar), mereka mengandalkan tenaga, otot, dan kekuatan fisik.
2. Atas dasar keahlian dalam pekerjaan, terbagi atas:
a) Golongan Elite, yakni: pengusaha konglomerat, pejabat tinggi Negara, pemimpin partai dan organisasi masyarakat.
b) Golongan Profesional, yakni: para ahli dibidang masing-masing, mereka rata-rata berpendidikan setaraf sarjana.
c) Semi professional, yakni: tenaga menengah atau diploma yang menguasai bidang pekerjaannya (paramedic, teknik, dan sebagainya)
d) Tenaga terampil, yakni: sopir, tukang cukur, penjahit.
e) Tenaga tak terlatih atau tidak terdidik, yakni: pembantu rumah tangga, tukang kebun, dan sebagainya.
3. Atas dasar tingkat pendidikan, terbagi atas:
a) Berpendidikan sangat tinggi (Profesor dan doctor)
b) Berpendidikan tinggi (sarjana, diploma 1, diploma 2, diploma 3, dan mahasiswa)
c) Berpendidikan menengah (sekolah menegah pertama/ SMP dan Sekolah Menengah Atas/ SMA)
d) Berpendidikan rendah (Sekolah Dasar/ SD)
e) Tidak berpendidikan (buta huruf)
4. Atas dasar tingkaat kehormatan di masyarakat tradisional, menurut suku:
a) Suku Jawa, terbagi atas: lapisan piyayi (intelektual) dan wong cilik.
b) Sumba, terbagi atas: lapisan marimba dan lapisan ata.
c) Minangkabau, terbagi atas: kemanakan tali paruik dan kemanakan tali ameh.
- Unsur-unsur Stratifikasi Sosial
a. Status Sosial
1. Pengertian dan fungsinya. Menurut Horton dan Hunt, status social adalah suatu peringkat atau posisi seseorang dalam suatu kelompok, atau posisi suatu kelompok dalam hubungan dengan kelompok lain. Menurut Robert M. Z. Lawang, status social mempunyai dua pengertian:
i. Secara objektif, status social adalah suatu tatanan hak dan kewajiban secara hierarki dalam suatu struktur formal organisasi.
ii. Secara subjektif, status social adalah hasil penilaian orang lain terhadap diri seseorang dnegan siapa ia berhubungan. Hasil penilaian tersebut adalah seseorang lebih tinggi, lebih rendah atau sama kedudukannya dengan orang yang berhubungan dengannya.
Status social menimbulkan gejala social, sebagai berikut:
1) Timbulnya proses social yang disoasiatif.
2) Kegagalan seseorang untuk memperoleh status social yang dinginkan atau ketidakmampuan dalam melaksankan kewajiban sesuai status social yang disandangnya.
3) Kosentrasi elit status yakni pemusatan kedudukan penting kepada seseorang atau kelompok orang tertentu.
Status social berfungsi, sebagai berikut:
1) Dapat menentukan posisi seseorang dalam struktur social
2) Dapat menentukan cara berhubungan dengan orang lain
3) Dapat menentukan perilaku dari orang tertentu
2. Macam-macam
a) Ascribed status (status yang dibebankan), yaitu status yang diperoleh seseorang sejak lahir tanpa perjuangan lebih dahulu.
b) Achived status (status yang diperjuangkan), yaitu status yang diperoleh seseorang atas dasar perjuangan sendiri.
c) Assigned status (status pemberian), yaitu status yang diberikan kepada seseorang karena orant tersebut berjasa dalam masyarakt.
d) Status symbol, yaitu status yang dimiliki seseorang yang disimbolkan dengan cirri-ciri tertentu. Symbol tersebut tampak dalam pakaian, tempat tinggal dan sebagainya.
Macam statuss social, sebagai berikut:
a) Status aktif, yaitu status pada saat tertentu sedang dilaksanakan atau akrif bekerja.
b) Status laten, yaitu status yang diam pada saat status yang lain sedang bekerja atau sedang dilaksanakan.
Macam-macam status social dalam masyarkat maka Achived Status yang paling relative paling baik dan selaras dengan perkembangan jaman, karena achived status:
a) Mendorong setiap individu untuk berkompetisi meraih status setinggi mungkin tanpa melihat keturunannya.
b) Ukuran yang digunakan atas dasar kecakapan dan keahlian seseorang bukan atas dasar kelahiran.
c) Dapat mempercepat terjadinya proses mobilisasi (gerak social) sehingga mempercepat terjadinya proses modernisasi.
3. Konflik Staus dan Macamnya
Seseorang memiliki banyak status namun salah satu yang menonjol merupakan status seseorang yang utama sehingga terjadi pertentangan antar status social yang dimiliki sehingga seseorang tersebut tidak dapat melaksanakan perannya yang disebut konflik status. Konflik status dapat dibedakan menjadi:
a) Konflik status perorangan, yaitu konflik antar dua orang yang memiliki status yang sama terhadap suatu objek
b) Konflik status antar perorangan, yaitu konflik antar dua orang yang memiliki status yang sama terhadap suatu objek.
c) Konflik status antar kelompok, yaitu konflik antara dua kelompok yang memiliki status yang sama terhadap suatu objek.
b Peranan (Role)
1. Pengertian dan fungsi peranan. Menurut Horton dan Hunt, peranan adalah perilaku yang diharapkan dari seseorang yang memiliki status social dan pelaksanaan dari hak dan kewajiban. Peranan berfungsi sebagai berikut:
a) Memberi arah kepada proses sosialisasi
b) Mewariskan tradisi, kepercayaan, nilai, norma, dan pengetahuan
c) Mempersatukan kelompok suatu masyarakat
d) Menghidupkan system control social sehingga dapat melestarikan kehidupan masyarakat
Faktor yang dapat menentukan peranan oleh seseorang:
a) Norma yang berlaku dalam suatu interaksi social sesuai dengan norma yang berlaku dalam kelompok atau masyarakat dalam situasi yang sama
b) Apabila normanya jelas barulah dapat dikatakan adanya kemungkinan besar untuk menjalankannya.
c) Apabila individu diharapkan dengan situasi dimana lebih dari satu norma yang berlaku ia akan berusaha untuk mengadakan kompromi dan modifikasi antara norma-norma.
2. Macam-macam peranan
a) Peranan pilihan (achived role), yaitu peranan yang diperoleh atau usaha sendiri, bersangkut paut dengan achived status.
b) Peranan bawahan (ascribed role), yaitu peranan yang diperoleh secara otomatis tanpa melakukan usaha tertentu, bersangkut paut dengan ascribed status.
c) Peranan yang diharapkan (expected role), yaitu peranan yang dilaksanakan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan bersama atau sesuai dengan norma yang berlaku di masyarakat.
d) Peranan yang disesuaikan (actual role), yaitu peranan yang dilaksanakan secara fleksibel, dapat disesuaikan dengan situasi dan kondisi.
Berdasarkan sifatnya, peranan dibagi atas:
a) Peranan aktif (active role), yaitu pelaku peranan diharapkan menjalankan peranannya karena tanpa kehadirannya maka kegiatan masyarakat akan terganggu.
b) Peranan pasif (passive role), yaitu pelaku peranan melaksanakan peranannya atau tidak, kegiatan masyarakat tetap berjalan sebagaimana mestinya.
3. Konflik peranan, yaitu apabila seseorang merasa tertekan dalam membawakan peranan yang disandangnya. Konflik peranan dibedakan atas:
a) Konflik dalam satu peranan, yaitu suatu konflik yang terjadi karena seorang individu dalam waktu yang sama harus melakukan peranan yang sama terhadap dua orang yang memiliki status yang sama atas dirinya.
b) Konflik karena berbagai peranan, yaitu suatu konflik yang terjadi karena seprang individu dalam waktu yang sama akan melakukan peranan yang berbeda terhadap dua peranan yang memiliki status yang berbeda.
c) Konflik peranan dalam bentuk kesenjangan peranan (role distance), yaitu apabila seseorang merasa dirinya tertekan karena merasa dirinya tidak sesuai untuk melaksanakan peranan yang ada atau peranan yang diberikan oleh masyarakat.
Tekanan peranan (role strain), yaitu ketegangan apabila tindakan peranan tidak sesuai satu sama lain.
c Konsekuensi dan Dampak Stratifikasi Sosial
I. Konsekuensi stratifikasi social. Menurut Horton dan Hunt, konsekuensi adanya stratifikasi social dalam masyarakat dapat menimbulkan sejumlah perbedaan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, sebagai berikut: perbedaan gaya hidup; perbedaan peluang hidup dan kesehatan; perbedaan peluang bekerja dan berusaha; perbedaan kebahagiaan dan sosialsisasi dalam keluarga; perbedaan dalam perilaku politik.
II. Dampak Stratifikasi social
a Bagi orang yang memiliki posisi atas (supper) memiliki aspek sebagai berikut:
i. Kekuasaan, yaitu kesempatan seseorang untuk melaksanakan kemauannya sendiri dalam tindakan social, meskipun mendapat tantangan dari orang lain yang terlibat dalam tindakan itu. Kekuasaan dapat diterima orang lain apabila mempunyai unsure: rasa takut, rasa cinta, rasa percaya, adanya pemujaan.
ii. Previlse, adalah hak istimewa, hak mendahului, dan hak untuk memperoleh perlakuan khusus.
iii. Prestise, adalah memperoleh penghormatan dari masyarakat karena kedudukan yang dimilikinya.
iv. Akumulasi Dimensi Sosial, yaitu bagi mereka yang memiliki posisi atas yang cenderung mengakumulasikan posisinya dalam berbagai dimensi social.
b. Bagi orang yang memiliki posisi rendah atau bawah melahirkan kemiskinan structural. Kemiskinan structural adalah kemoskonan yang diderita oleh golongan masyarakt karena struktur social masyarakt itu tidak dapat ikut menggunakan sumber pendapatan yang sebenarnya tersedia bagi mereka. Cirri-ciri kemiskinan structural: sangat lambat dalam melakukan mobilitas vertical atau berpindah kelapisan social yang lebih tinggi; adanya ketergantungan yang kuat pihak si miskin terhadap kelas-kelas social di atasnya;
d Interseksi dan Konsolidasi
I. Interseksi, adalah persilangan atau titik temu diantara golongan social yang berbeda seperti entis, ras, agama, status social, golongan, berdasarkan factor penyatu. Interseksi dalam masyarakat berbentuk: Pertama, interseksi dalam agama yang sama dengan 3 suku bangsa yang berbeda; Kedua, interseksi dalam suku bangsa yang sama dengan 2 agama yang berbeda; Ketiga, interseksi dalam status social yang sama dengan 2 agama dan 2 suku bangsa yang berbeda, dan lain-lain. Sarana interseksi adalah pasar, pelabuhan, dan bahasa Indonesia. Saluran interseksi adalah: saluran ekonomi (seperti perdangangan dan industry), saluran social (seperti pendidikan dan perkawinan), saluran politik (partai politik).
II. Konsolidasi, adalah suatu keanggotaan yang didasarkan factor tertentu bertumpang tindih dengan factor lain sehingga keanggotaan seseorang dalam kelompok tertentu semakin kuat dengan keanggotaan kelompok lain. Konsolidasi berbentuk: konsolidasi antara 3 kelompok social yang berbeda dalam bidang agama dan suku bangsa; konsolidasi antara 2 kelompok social yang berbeda suku bangsa, agama, dan status social dan lain-lain.
III. Konsekuensi dari perubahan Konsolidasi dan Interseksi terhadap Diferensiasi social dan Stratifikasi, menurut Peter M. Blau, ada dua tipe struktur social masyarakat di Indonesia yakni:
a Interseksi Sosial Struktur, jika keanggotaan dalam kelompok social yang ada bersifat menyilang (interseksi), artinya keanggotaan dalam kelompok tersebut memiliki latar belakang yang berbeda seperti ras, suku bangsa, agama.
b Consolidated Sosial Struktur, jika terjadi tumpang tindih parameter yang terjadi penguatan identitas keanggotaan dalam kelompok social. Dalam proses tersebut, kelompok social berkembang menjadi wadah dari individu-individu yang memiliki latar belakang yang sama seperti ras, suku bangsa, agama.
Diferensiasi social dan stratifikasi cenderung berbentuk interseksi sehingga menimbulkan sebagai berikut:
a Mendorong terwujudnya integrasi social atau nasional
b Melahirkan cross cutting loyalities, yaitu adanya perasaan saling memiliki dan rasa tanggung jawab yang mengikat terhadap tempat atau wadah keanggotaannya.
c Dapat digunakan sebagai penyeimbang agar tidak terjadi konflik yang tajam di antara suku-suku bangsa, ras, maupun agama.
d Jika terjadi konflik setidap-tidaknya mempermudah penyelesaian secara baik.
Diferensiasi social dan stratifikasi cenderung berbentuk konsolidasi sehingga menimbulkan sebagai berikut:
a Semakin mempertajam adanya perbedaan social dengan kelompok lainnya.
b Timbulnya ikatan primordial
c Memudahkan terjadinya konflik social maupun disintegrasi social atau nasional
d Jika terjadi konflik akan sangat sulit untuk diredam atau diatasinya.
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english)
A. Definition, Function, Process, and the Nature of Social Stratification
I. Definition and Functions of Social Stratification, according to Alexander Pitirim Sorokin, stratification is a resident or citizen differentiation of society into classes as a story. According to Robert M. Z. Mace, stratification is a classification of persons belonging to a particular social system into the coating according to the dimension hierarchy of power, privilege (privilege), and prestisie (authority, prestige, dignity, good name). According Soerjono Soekanto, stratification is a member of the community in a vertical differentiation based on social status in the communities. According to Bossard embodiment is characterized by the social stratification of social class such as: upper class (upper) middle class (middle layer); lower class (bottom layer). Stratification occurs because of something that is appreciated. If someone has something valuable, then it will occupy the topmost layer, whereas if the person does not have something valuable, then it will occupy the bottom level.Function of social stratification such as:
1) As a tool for the community to distribute the achievements or the rights and obligations
2) To develop, manage, and oversee, among members of the public
3) As a unifying and coordinating the existing units in the social structure
4) To categorize the members of society into different levels
II. Process, Basic, and the Nature of Social Stratification
a. Occurrence and Association Process of Social Stratification
Statifikasi social place in society through the two possibilities, namely:
1. Social stratification that occurs by itself in accordance with the growth of the community in question. For example, intelligence, age level, the nature of authenticity, and wealth.
2. Social stratification that occurs with the planned, there was a deliberate with a view to achieving a certain goal. For example, the system ranks in the Police and the Indonesian military (TNI).
The basis used to determine the social stratification system of society, according to Bernard Barber, namely: a position or job, positions in the kinship system, religion, authority or power, education or science. By Paul B. Horton is: wealth or income, employment, and education. According to Alexander Sorokin Pitirim ie: office or employment, religion, national origin, politics, wealth, education or knowledge. According Koentjaraningrat namely: the quality and versatility, the rank and position, different age levels, the relatives of the head of society membership, power and influence, the nature of originality, and intellectual property.
b. The properties of social stratification
1. Social stratification is open (Open Social Stratification), hallmark features:
a) Provide the widest possible opportunity to everyone to try to sebdiri ability to rise to higher social layers.
b) For those who are less fortunate can go down to the lower layer
c) Membership is based on the abilities and achievements that are owned through a system of stiff competition. Examples: social coating in the Indonesian Army (TNI), the Republic of Indonesia Police (INP), and the Civil Servants (PNS).
2. Closed social stratification (Closed Social Stratification), hallmark features:
a) Limiting the possibility of emigration to one of the social layers with each layer of the other social.
b) Membership is based on the birth or descent
3. Stratifikas social mix (mixed Social Stratification), hallmark features:
a) Limiting the possibility of moving in certain areas, but the member kesesmpatan to make the shift to other areas of the layer.
b) The membership is a combination of ability and achievement by birth or descent. Examples: social coating feudal society (colonial Dutch East Indies) in Java.
B. The forms and elements of social stratification
I. The forms of Social Stratification
a. Social stratification on the basis of economic criteria, namely the distinction of community members on the basis of material possessions or income earned. On the basis of economic criteria are divided into:
1) Top layer: group of rich people with very high incomes. They have a high consumption patterns with a modern lifestyle.
2) intermediate layer: a group of people who have average incomes above the average person in society. They have aspirations of social and economic demands are increasing.
3) The bottom layer: the group who still have low incomes or below the poverty line. They consist of people who do not take advantage or disadvantage in the process of modernization.
b. Social stratification on the basis of political criteria, the distinction of members of the community based on the level of power they have. According to Mac Iver share power in social stratificasi as follows:
1) Type of caste, power coating with the dividing line is firm and rigid and no possibility of a social movement so that the dividing line between vertikan almost impenetrable layer.
2) Type Oligarkhi, power coating system with a clear dividing line, but the basic distinction of social class is determined by the cultural community, are semi-open, usually in a feudal society.
3) Type of democracy, the rule layer of the system is flexible and open, the entire layer masyatakat, occurs in modern masyarakt, which determines the ability and achievement held.
c. Social stratification based on social criteria, the distinction is based on community-owned social status in society, which is used to determine the system of social stratification vary depending on the dynamics masyarakt. Example, social stratification based on social criteria:
1. On the basis of prestisie (dignity, good name) in the work, consisting of:
a) Works Fine or White Collar Workers (White Collar), they see themselves relying on the mind, paper, and pens.
b) Workers Blue Collar Workers Coarse or (Blue Collar), they rely on strength, muscle, and physical strength.
2. On the basis of expertise in the work, consisting of:
a) The Elite Group, namely: business conglomerate, state officials, party leaders and community organizations.
b) Professional Group, namely: the experts in each, they equal the average educated scholar.
c) Semi-professional, namely: high power or a master diploma work area (paramedics, engineering, etc.)
d) skilled workers, namely: the driver, barber, tailor.
e) Workers not trained or educated, namely: domestic servants, gardeners, and so forth.
3. On the basis of level of education, consisting of:
a) very high educated (Professor and doctor)
b) higher educated (degree, diploma first, second diploma, diploma 3, and students)
c) educated middle (the first high school / junior high and high school / high school)
d) low educated (Primary Schools / SD)
e) Not educated (illiterate)
4. On the basis of tingkaat honor in traditional societies, according to the tribe:
a) The Javanese, consisting of: a layer piyayi (intellectual) and the underprivileged.
b) Sumba, consisting of: layers and layers ata marimba.
c) Minangkabau, consisting of: kemanakan paruik rope and rope kemanakan ameh.
II. Elements of Social Stratificationa. Social Status
1. Definition and function. According to Horton and Hunt, social status is a person's rank or position within a group, or the position of a group in relation to other groups. According to Robert M. Z.Mace, social status has two senses:
i. Objectively, social status is an order of the rights and obligations of the hierarchy in an organization's formal structure.
ii. Subjectively, social status is the result of judgment of others to a person whom he is associated circuitry.
The results of these assessments is one higher, lower or equal position with men in connection therewith.Social status of social symptoms, as follows:
1) The emergence of social processes that disoasiatif.
2) Failure to obtain a person's social status or inability to cool invoke the obligations under the assumed social status.
3) Concentration of the elite status of the concentration of an important position to a particular person or group of people.
Function of social status, as follows:
1) to determine one's position in the social structure
2) to determine how to relate to others
3) To determine the behavior of certain people
2. Various kinds of
a) ascribed status (status is charged), which acquired the status of a person born without a fight first.
b) Achived status (status of the fight), which acquired the status of a person on the basis of his own struggle.
c) Assigned status (delivery status), the status given to a person because orant was instrumental in masyarakt.
d) The status symbol, the status of a person who is symbolized by a particular characteristic. The symbol appears in the clothing, shelter and so on.
Kinds of social statuss, as follows:
a) an active status, the status at any given moment are being implemented or akrif work.
b) Status of latent, silent on the status of current status of the others are working or being implemented.
Various kinds of social status in the community Achived relative status of the most best and in tune with the changing times, because achived status:
a) Encouraging individuals to competing for status as high as possible without looking offspring.
b) The measures used on the basis of skills and expertise of someone not on the basis of birth.
c) To accelerate the process of mobilization (social movement) to accelerate the process of modernization.
3. Conflict Status and Kinds.
Social stratification and intersection
(Source: Ali, Nur. Modul Bahan Ajar Sosiologi Untuk Sekolah Menengah Atas- Madrasah Aliyah Kelas XI IPS Semester 1. Ponorogo: MGMP Gandini.)A. Definition, Function, Process, and the Nature of Social Stratification
I. Definition and Functions of Social Stratification, according to Alexander Pitirim Sorokin, stratification is a resident or citizen differentiation of society into classes as a story. According to Robert M. Z. Mace, stratification is a classification of persons belonging to a particular social system into the coating according to the dimension hierarchy of power, privilege (privilege), and prestisie (authority, prestige, dignity, good name). According Soerjono Soekanto, stratification is a member of the community in a vertical differentiation based on social status in the communities. According to Bossard embodiment is characterized by the social stratification of social class such as: upper class (upper) middle class (middle layer); lower class (bottom layer). Stratification occurs because of something that is appreciated. If someone has something valuable, then it will occupy the topmost layer, whereas if the person does not have something valuable, then it will occupy the bottom level.Function of social stratification such as:
1) As a tool for the community to distribute the achievements or the rights and obligations
2) To develop, manage, and oversee, among members of the public
3) As a unifying and coordinating the existing units in the social structure
4) To categorize the members of society into different levels
II. Process, Basic, and the Nature of Social Stratification
a. Occurrence and Association Process of Social Stratification
Statifikasi social place in society through the two possibilities, namely:
1. Social stratification that occurs by itself in accordance with the growth of the community in question. For example, intelligence, age level, the nature of authenticity, and wealth.
2. Social stratification that occurs with the planned, there was a deliberate with a view to achieving a certain goal. For example, the system ranks in the Police and the Indonesian military (TNI).
The basis used to determine the social stratification system of society, according to Bernard Barber, namely: a position or job, positions in the kinship system, religion, authority or power, education or science. By Paul B. Horton is: wealth or income, employment, and education. According to Alexander Sorokin Pitirim ie: office or employment, religion, national origin, politics, wealth, education or knowledge. According Koentjaraningrat namely: the quality and versatility, the rank and position, different age levels, the relatives of the head of society membership, power and influence, the nature of originality, and intellectual property.
b. The properties of social stratification
1. Social stratification is open (Open Social Stratification), hallmark features:
a) Provide the widest possible opportunity to everyone to try to sebdiri ability to rise to higher social layers.
b) For those who are less fortunate can go down to the lower layer
c) Membership is based on the abilities and achievements that are owned through a system of stiff competition. Examples: social coating in the Indonesian Army (TNI), the Republic of Indonesia Police (INP), and the Civil Servants (PNS).
2. Closed social stratification (Closed Social Stratification), hallmark features:
a) Limiting the possibility of emigration to one of the social layers with each layer of the other social.
b) Membership is based on the birth or descent
3. Stratifikas social mix (mixed Social Stratification), hallmark features:
a) Limiting the possibility of moving in certain areas, but the member kesesmpatan to make the shift to other areas of the layer.
b) The membership is a combination of ability and achievement by birth or descent. Examples: social coating feudal society (colonial Dutch East Indies) in Java.
B. The forms and elements of social stratification
I. The forms of Social Stratification
a. Social stratification on the basis of economic criteria, namely the distinction of community members on the basis of material possessions or income earned. On the basis of economic criteria are divided into:
1) Top layer: group of rich people with very high incomes. They have a high consumption patterns with a modern lifestyle.
2) intermediate layer: a group of people who have average incomes above the average person in society. They have aspirations of social and economic demands are increasing.
3) The bottom layer: the group who still have low incomes or below the poverty line. They consist of people who do not take advantage or disadvantage in the process of modernization.
b. Social stratification on the basis of political criteria, the distinction of members of the community based on the level of power they have. According to Mac Iver share power in social stratificasi as follows:
1) Type of caste, power coating with the dividing line is firm and rigid and no possibility of a social movement so that the dividing line between vertikan almost impenetrable layer.
2) Type Oligarkhi, power coating system with a clear dividing line, but the basic distinction of social class is determined by the cultural community, are semi-open, usually in a feudal society.
3) Type of democracy, the rule layer of the system is flexible and open, the entire layer masyatakat, occurs in modern masyarakt, which determines the ability and achievement held.
c. Social stratification based on social criteria, the distinction is based on community-owned social status in society, which is used to determine the system of social stratification vary depending on the dynamics masyarakt. Example, social stratification based on social criteria:
1. On the basis of prestisie (dignity, good name) in the work, consisting of:
a) Works Fine or White Collar Workers (White Collar), they see themselves relying on the mind, paper, and pens.
b) Workers Blue Collar Workers Coarse or (Blue Collar), they rely on strength, muscle, and physical strength.
2. On the basis of expertise in the work, consisting of:
a) The Elite Group, namely: business conglomerate, state officials, party leaders and community organizations.
b) Professional Group, namely: the experts in each, they equal the average educated scholar.
c) Semi-professional, namely: high power or a master diploma work area (paramedics, engineering, etc.)
d) skilled workers, namely: the driver, barber, tailor.
e) Workers not trained or educated, namely: domestic servants, gardeners, and so forth.
3. On the basis of level of education, consisting of:
a) very high educated (Professor and doctor)
b) higher educated (degree, diploma first, second diploma, diploma 3, and students)
c) educated middle (the first high school / junior high and high school / high school)
d) low educated (Primary Schools / SD)
e) Not educated (illiterate)
4. On the basis of tingkaat honor in traditional societies, according to the tribe:
a) The Javanese, consisting of: a layer piyayi (intellectual) and the underprivileged.
b) Sumba, consisting of: layers and layers ata marimba.
c) Minangkabau, consisting of: kemanakan paruik rope and rope kemanakan ameh.
II. Elements of Social Stratificationa. Social Status
1. Definition and function. According to Horton and Hunt, social status is a person's rank or position within a group, or the position of a group in relation to other groups. According to Robert M. Z.Mace, social status has two senses:
i. Objectively, social status is an order of the rights and obligations of the hierarchy in an organization's formal structure.
ii. Subjectively, social status is the result of judgment of others to a person whom he is associated circuitry.
The results of these assessments is one higher, lower or equal position with men in connection therewith.Social status of social symptoms, as follows:
1) The emergence of social processes that disoasiatif.
2) Failure to obtain a person's social status or inability to cool invoke the obligations under the assumed social status.
3) Concentration of the elite status of the concentration of an important position to a particular person or group of people.
Function of social status, as follows:
1) to determine one's position in the social structure
2) to determine how to relate to others
3) To determine the behavior of certain people
2. Various kinds of
a) ascribed status (status is charged), which acquired the status of a person born without a fight first.
b) Achived status (status of the fight), which acquired the status of a person on the basis of his own struggle.
c) Assigned status (delivery status), the status given to a person because orant was instrumental in masyarakt.
d) The status symbol, the status of a person who is symbolized by a particular characteristic. The symbol appears in the clothing, shelter and so on.
Kinds of social statuss, as follows:
a) an active status, the status at any given moment are being implemented or akrif work.
b) Status of latent, silent on the status of current status of the others are working or being implemented.
Various kinds of social status in the community Achived relative status of the most best and in tune with the changing times, because achived status:
a) Encouraging individuals to competing for status as high as possible without looking offspring.
b) The measures used on the basis of skills and expertise of someone not on the basis of birth.
c) To accelerate the process of mobilization (social movement) to accelerate the process of modernization.
3. Conflict Status and Kinds.
Someone has a lot of status, but one that stands out is the main one's status so that there is a contradiction between the social status it held that a person can not carry out its role, called the conflict status. Conflict status can be divided into:a) Conflict status of individuals, namely the conflict between two people who have the same status of an objectb) Conflict among individual status, namely the conflict between two people who have the same status of an object.c) the status of inter-group conflict, the conflict between the two groups have the same status of an object.
b Role (Role)
b Role (Role)
1. Understanding roles and functions. According to Horton and Hunt, the role is the behavior expected of someone who has social status and implementation of the rights and obligations. The role works as follows:
a) Provide direction to the process of socialization
b) Leaving the traditions, beliefs, values, norms, and knowledge
c) Bringing a community group
d) Turn the control system so as to preserve the social life of the community
Factors that can determine the role of the person:
a) The norms prevailing in a social interaction in accordance with the norms prevailing in a group or community in the same situation
b) If the norm is clear before it can be said the most likely to run it.
c) If the individual is expected to situations where more than one norm he would try to compromise and modification of norms.
2. Types of roles
a) The role of choice (achived role), namely the role of acquired or own a business, concerned with status achived.
b) The role of subordinate (ascribed role), a role which is obtained automatically without any particular effort, to do with the ascribed status.
c) Role of the expected (expected role), the role carried out in accordance with the conditions set together or in accordance with prevailing norms in society.
d) The role of the adjusted (actual role), which is implemented in a flexible role, can be adapted to the circumstances.
By its nature, roles are divided into:
a) The role of active (active role), the role players are expected to play its role because without him, the activities of the community will be disrupted.
b) The role of passive (passive role), the role of actors carrying out its role or not, the community remains running as it should.
3. Role conflict, ie when a person feels depressed in bringing the role of prey. Role conflict divided into:
a) Conflict in the role, a conflict that occurred because of an individual in the same time must perform the same role to two people who have the same status on him.
b) Conflict due to a variety of roles, a conflict that occurred because seprang within the same individual will perform different roles of the two roles that have a different status.
c) role conflict in the role of the gap (role distance), ie when a person feels depressed because he felt he was not fit to carry out any role or roles given by society.Role stress (role strain), the tension in an action role incompatible with each other.
c Consequences and Impact of Social Stratification
I. Consequences of social stratification. According to Horton and Hunt, the consequences of social stratification in society can lead to some differences in various aspects of life, as follows: differences in lifestyle; differences in life chances and health; differences in work and business opportunities; differences in family happiness and sosialsisasi; differences in political behavior .
II. The impact of social stratification
a.For people who have a top position (supper) has the following aspects:
i. Power, namely the opportunity for someone to carry her own in social action, despite the challenges of others involved in the action.Power can be accepted if anyone else has the elements: fear, love, trust, a cult.
ii. Previlse, is a privilege, right ahead, and the right to obtain special treatment.
iii. Prestige is gained respect from the community because of its position.iv. Social Dimensions of accumulation, to those who have the position that tends to accumulate in various dimensions of social position.
b. For people who have low or below the position of giving birth structural poverty. structural poverty is proverty sustained by the social class structure masyarakt masyarakt because it can not be joined using a source of income is actually available to them.Structural characteristic of poverty: it is very slow in doing vertical mobility or social kelapisan move higher; a strong dependence of the poor social classes on it;
d Intersection and Consolidation
I. Intersection, the intersection or the intersection between different social groups such as entis, race, religion, social status, class, based on a unifying factor. Intersection in the form: First, the intersection in the same religion with the 3 different ethnic groups; Second, the intersection in the same race with two different religions; Third, the intersection in the same social status with two religions and two different ethnic groups , and others. Means the intersection is the market, harbor, and Indonesian. Channel intersection are: economic channels (such as trade and industry), social channels (such as education and marriage), political channels (political parties).
II. Consolidation, is a particular factor based membership overlap with other factors so that a person's membership in a particular group more strongly with other group members. Consolidation in the form: the consolidation of three different social groups in the field of religion and ethnicity; consolidation between two social groups of different ethnic, religious, and social status, and others.
III. Consequences of changes in consolidation and the intersection of social differentiation and stratification, according to Peter M.Blau, there are two types of social structure of society in Indonesia, namely:
a Intersection of Social Structure, if membership in social groups that exist are crossing (intersection), meaning that membership in the group have different backgrounds like race, ethnicity, religion.
b Consolidated Social Structure, in the event of overlapping parameters occurring in the membership of strengthening the identity of social groups. In the process, social group evolved into a container of individuals who have similar backgrounds like race, ethnicity, religion.
Social differentiation and stratification tend to be shaped intersection, giving rise to the following:
a. Encourage the establishment of a national or social integration
b. Maternity cross cutting loyalities, namely a sense of belonging and a sense of responsibility that binds to a place or container membership.
c. Can be used as a counterweight to avoid sharp conflicts between tribes, races, and religions.
d. In the event of conflict setidap least make a good settlement.
Social differentiation and stratification tend to form, giving rise to the following statements:
a more sharpened social differences with other groups.
b Incidence of primordial tiesc Facilitate social conflict and social disintegration or nationald In the event of conflict will be very difficult to suppressed or overcome.
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