Mobilitas Sosial
(Sumber: Ali, Nur. Modul Bahan Ajar Sosiologi Sekolah Menengah Atas-Madsarah Aliyah Kelas XI IPS.Ponorogo: MGMP Gandini.)
A. Proses terbentuknya Mobilitas Sosial
- Pengertian Mobilitas, “mobiltas” berasal dari Bahasa Latin (Mobilis=mudah dipindahkan/ banyak bergerak). Menurut Soerjono Soekanto, mobilitas social adalah gerak dari satu posisi social ke posisi social lainnya. Menurut Kamanto Sunarto, mobilitas adalah perpindahan status social dalam stratifikasi social. Pengertian mobilitas social mencakup dua hal yakni: Pertama, mobilitas social individu, yaitu gerak perpindahan status social yang terjadi pada kelompok; Kedua, mobilitas social kelompok, yaitu gerak perpindahan status social yang terjadi pada kelompok.
- Factor Pendorong Terjadinya Mobilitas Sosial
1) Adanya status social yang beraneka ragam dalam masyarakat
2) Adanya factor ekonomi
3) Adanya situasi politik yang tidak menentu
4) Adanya motif keagamaan
5) Adanya factor kependudukan (demografi)
6) Adanya keinginan untuk melihat daerah lain (merantau)
- Syarat-syarat dan Manfaat Mobilitas Sosial
- Syarat-syarat mobilitas Sosial, menurut Hendropuspito terjadinya mobilitas social akan berjalan baik,jika memenuhi:
1. Kehidupan masyarakat bersifat terbuka
2. Setiap warga Negara memiliki kesamaan di depan hukum
3. Mengandalkan sistem seleksi
4. Mentalitas masyarakat bersifat positif.
- Manfaat Mobilitas Sosial, menurut Arif Rohman dan kawan-kawan, manfaatnya antara lain:
1. Memacu terjadinya atau terciptanya keadilan, artinya memberi peluang bagi setiap masyarakat untuk meraih peluang terbaiknya
2. Terciptanya masyarakat meritokratis, yaitu masyarakat yang mengutamakan kemampuan (merit) seseorang untuk melaksanakan status tertentu bukan dari latar belakang keturunan dan keluarga.
3. Terciptanya masyarakat ahli, merupakan kelanjutan masyarakat meritokratis, yang setiap orang berfungsi sesuai keahlian yang dimilikinya.
4. Terciptanya demokratisasi struktur social, artinya setiaap individu memiliki kebebasan untuk mencapai status social yang setinggi-tingginya dalam setiap struktur social dalam bidang politik, bidang ekonomi, bidang social, dan sebagainya.
B. Jenis-jenis Mobilitas Sosial
- Mobilitas Horizontal dan Vertikal
- Mobilitas Horizontal, adalah gerak perpindahan individu atau kelompok dari status social yang satu ke status social lainnya yang sederajat, memiliki cirri antara lain:
1) Perubahan status social seseorang atau kelompok tersebut tidak mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan status social yang lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah.
2) Perubahan status social seseorang atau kelompok tersebut tidak mengakibatkan terjadinya peningkatan atau penurunan tingkat kesejahteraan.
Contohnya: Jackson yang bekerja sebagai buruh perkebunan kemudian pindah menjadi buruh bangunan.
- Mobilitas vertical, adalah gerak perpindahan individu atau kelompok dari status yang satu ke status yang lain yang tidak sederajat. Yang kemudian dibagi atas :
1) Mobilitas vertical naik (social climbing), adalah gerak perpindahan individu atau kelompok social dari lapisan social yang paling rendah ke lapisan social yang lebih tinggi. Memiliki dua bentuk yakni:
i. Naiknya seseorang yang berstatus social rendah ke status social yang lebih tinggi yang telah ada (tersedia). Contohnya: Jacky adalah seorang guru, kemudian dinaikkan kedudukannya untuk mengisi kepala sekolah yang kosong.
ii. Terbentuknya kedudukan (lapisan social) baru yang lebih tinggi dari pada lapisan yang sudah ada. Contohnya: beberapa masinis sepakat untuk menunjukkan Michael, rekannya untuk menjadi ketua komunitas masinis yang baru dibentuk.
2) Mobilitas vertical turun (social sinking), adalah gerakan perpindahan individu atau kelompok social yang lebih tinggi ke lapisan yang lebih rendah. Terbagi atas dua bentuk yakni:
i. Turunnya kedudukan seseorang ke kedudukan yang lebih rendah, contohnya: karena bangkrut, Lie Chong Wu terpaksa menjadi pedangang kaki lima.
ii. Tidak dihargai lagi kekdudukan sebagai lapisan social atas, contohnya: adanya modernisasi di masyarakat membuat kedudukan bangsawan tidak dihormati lagi.
Pelaksanaan mobilitas vertical pada dasarnya memiliki cirri-ciri:
1) Perubahan status social seseorang atau kelompok mengakibatkan terjadinya peningkatan atau penurunan status social dalam masyarakat.
2) Perubahan status social seseorang atau kelompok mengakibatkan terjadinya peningkatan atau penurunan tingkat kesejahteraan seseorang atau kelompok.
Prinsip umum bagi mobilitas vertical, sebagai berikut:
1) Hampir tidak ada masyarakat yang sistem pelapisan sosialnya secara mutlak tertutup.
2) Betapapun terbukanya sistem pelapisan social dalam masyarakat, tidak mungkin gerak social vertical dapat dilakukan sebebas-bebasnya.
3) Gerak social vertical berlaku bagi semua masyarakat tidak sama, tiap masyarakat mempunyai cirri tersendiri (khas) bagi gerak sosialnya.
4) Laju gerak social vertical disebabkan oleh factor ekonomi, pekerjaan, politk adalah berbeda.
5) Dalam pengalaman sejarah, gerak social vertical yang disebabkan oleh factor ekonomi, politik dan pekerjaan, tidak ada kecenderungan yang berlanjut perihal bertambah atau berkurangnya laju gerak social.
- Mobilitas Geografis dan Mobilitas Antar Generasi, tidak hanya memusatkan perhatian pada mobilitas saja tetapi juga memusatkan pada mobilitas sebagai berikut:
- Mobilitas geografis (mobilitas lateral), adalah gerak perpindahan seseorang atau kelompok dari daerah yang satu ke daerah lainnya. Bentuknya terbagi atas: Migrasi Intern (Satu wilayah kota), Migrasi Eskstern, Emigrasi (keluar wilayah Negara), Imigrasi, Remigrasi, Emigrasi musiman (tak permanen), evakuasi (pemindahan sementara dari daerah bencana), transmigrasi, urbanisasi, dan lain-lain.
- Mobilitas antar generasi, adalah perubahan atau perbedaan status social antar dua generasi atau lebih, tidak bersifat horizontal, apabila generasi sekarang tetap menempati lapisan social yang sama dengan generasi pendahulunya berarti tidak terjadi mobilitas intergenerasi, mobilitas intergenerasi terbagi atas:
1) Mobilitas Intergenerasi, adalah perubahan atau perbedaan status yang terjadi antara dua generasi atau lebih dalam satu garis keturunan.
(Gambar 1, Mobilitas Intergenerasi naik)
i. Gambar 1, memperlihatkan mobilitas intergenerasi naaik, karena status social anak (Presiden) lebih tinggi dari status ayahnya (Gubernur) dan status ibunya (Guru)
(Gambar 2, mobilitas intergenerasi turun)
ii. Gambar 2, memperlihatkan mobilitas intergenerasi turun, karena status social anak (Kepala Desa) lebih rendah dari pada status social ayah (Gubernur) dan status social ibu (Menteri).
2) Mobilitas Intragenerasi,adalah perbedaan status social yang terjadi dalam satu generasi yang sama. Terbagi atas:
(Gambar 3, mobilitas intragenerasi naik)
i. Gambar 3, memperlihatkan mobilitas intragenerasi naik, karena status social anak kedua (Jakarta Governoor) lebih tinggi daripada status social anak pertama (Guru).
(Gambar 4, mobilitas intragenerasi turun)
ii. Gambar 4, memperlihatkan mobilitas intragenerasi turun, karena status social anak kedua (Guru) lebih rendah daripada status social anak pertama (Profesor)
C. Diterminan dan saluran mobilitas social,
I. Diterminan mobilitas social adalah factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi (mudah tidaknya atau mempercepat atau menghambat) pelaksanaan mobilitas social.
Menurut Horton Hunt, ada dua factor yakni:
1. Faktor structural, yakni jumlah relative yang bisa dan harus diisi serta kemudahaan untuk memperolehnya apabila jumlah lapangan kerja tidak seimbang dengan pelamar kerja adalah termasuk factor structural.
2. Factor individu, adalah kualitas dari orang perorangan, baik dari segi pendidikan, penampilan, ketrampilan pribadi. Factor kemujuran yang menentukan siapa yang berhasil mencapai kedudukan itu.
Menurut Karen Svalastoga, ada empat perubahan social yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan mobilitas social, yaitu:
1. Perubahan Teknologi
2. Perubahan kemampuan karena peningkatan pendidikan dan ketrampilan
3. Tingkat reproduksi atau perbedaan tingkat kelahiran
4. Perubahan sikap
Selain itu factor lain yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan mobilitas social adalah:
1. Factor keluarga (missal: cerai)
2. Factor ras dan kesukuan (missal peraturan adat)
3. Factor pendidikan
4. Factor perkawinan (missal: pernikahan usia dini)
5. Factor jenis kelamin (missal: pekerjaan)
6. Factor program pemerintah (missal: criteria usia)
7. Factor kondisi masyarakat
8. Factor mentalitas seseorang yang dibedakan menjadi:
a) Mentalitas positif, yaitu mentalitas yang mendorong seseorang atau kelompok untuk melakukan mobilitas sosial, antara lain: mentalitas pantang menyerah, berdisiplin murni, berorientasi ke masa depan, menghargai karya orang lain.
b) Mentalitas negative, yaitu mentalitas yang menghambat seseorang atau kelompok untuk melakukan mobilitas social, antara lain: meremehkan mutu orang lain, berorientasi ke masa lalu ke masa kini, tidak berdisiplin murni, curiga terhadap segala pembaharuan, mentalitas suka menerabas.
II. Saluran Mobilitas Sosial
1. Angkatan Bersenjata
2. Lembaga Politik (Pemerintah)
3. Lembaga Keagamaan
4. Lembaga pendidikan
5. Lembaga ekonomi
6. Lembaga social
D. Konsekuensi dan Dampak Mobilitas Sosial
I. Konsekuensi Mobilitas Sosial
- Terjadinya penyesuaian diri, proses penyesuaian diri berjalan baik jika: mobilitas social berlangsung secara rasional dan objektif; masing-masing pihak mempunyai wawasan atau mentalitas yang positif; mobilitas social berlangsung sesuai dengan nilai dan norma yang berlaku
- Terjadinya konflik
1. Individu atau kelompok yang menjadi anggota kelas social baru tidak bisa menyesuaikan diri dengan nilai dan norma yang ada pada kelas social yang baru.
2. Konflik bisa terjadi jika individu atau kelompok yang masuk ke dalam kelompok social atau kelas social yang baru tidak diterima oleh anggota kelompok social atau kelas social yang dimasukinya. Konflik tersebut berbentuk:
i. Konflik orang perorangan
ii. Konflik antar kelompok social
iii. Konflik antar generasi
iv. Konflik antar kelas social
v. Konflik antar penduduk asli dengan penduduk baru, dan sebagainya
II. Dampak Mobilitas Sosial
- Dampak positif pelaksanaan mobilitas social
1. Memberikan kesempatan kepada seseorang atau kelompok untuk mencapai tujuan hidupnya.
2. Mendorong seseorang atau kelompok atau berprestasi lebih maju
3. Mempercepat gerak perubahan social dalam masyarakat kea rah yang lebih baik
- Dampak negative pelaksanaan mobilitas social
1. Dampak social, diantaranya: berkurangnya solidaritas kelompok; muncul usaha mencari jalan pintas atau penyelewengan.
2. Dampak psikologis,diantaranya: perasaan gelisah, menimbulkan frustasi, timbul kegelisahan, minder, mengisolasi diri, mengalami sindrom pasca kuasa (post power syndrome).
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english)
(Source: Ali, Nur. Modul Bahan Ajar Sosiologi Sekolah Menengah Atas-Madsarah Aliyah Kelas XI IPS.Ponorogo: MGMP Gandini.)
A. The process of formation of Social Mobility
I. Definition of Mobility, "mobility" from the Latin barasal (mobilis = easy moved / moving a lot). According Soerjono Soekanto, social mobility is the movement from one social position to another social possisi. According Kamanto Sunarto, mobility is the transfer of social status in the social stratification. Understanding of social mobility involves two things: First, individual social mobility, social status, namely the motion displacement that occurred in the group; Second, the mobility of social groups, the social status of the motion displacement that occurred in the group.
II. Occurrence of Social Mobility Driving Factor
1) The existence of diverse social status in society
2) The economic factor
3) The existence of the uncertain political situation
4) The existence of religious motives
5) The factor of population (demographic)6) There is a desire to see other areas (wander)
III. The terms and benefits of Social Mobility
a. Terms of social mobility, according to Hendropuspito of social mobility will run fine, if it satisfies:
1. Society is open
2. Every citizen has equality before the law
3. Relying on the selection system
4. Mentality of the people are positive.
b. Social mobility benefits, according to Arif Rohman and his friends, the benefits are:
1. Or stimulate the creation of justice, that provide opportunities for every community to achieve their best chance
2. Creation of a meritocratic society, the people who give priority to the ability (merit) a person to carry out certain status rather than family background and ancestry.
3. Creation of expert communities, is a continuation meritocratic society, which everyone works according to its expertise.
4. Demokratitation creation of social structure, meaning setiaap individuals have the freedom to achieve social status is the highest in any social structure in the political, economic, social fields, and so forth.
B. Types of Social Mobility
I. Horizontal and Vertical Mobility
a. Horizontal mobility, the movement of individuals or groups move from one social status to another on an equal social status, have traits such as:
1) Changes in social status of a person or group does not result in changes in social status that is higher or lower.
2) Changes in social status of a person or group does not result in an increase or decrease the level of welfare.For example: Jackson who worked as a farm laborer and then moved on to become a construction worker.
b. Vertical mobility, the movement of individuals or groups move from one status to another status is not equal. Which is then divided into:
1) Mobility vertical rise (social climbing), the displacement movement of individuals or social groups from the lowest social layer to the higher social layers.Has two forms namely:
i. The rise of low social status of a person into a higher social status who have been there (available). For example: Jacky is a teacher, then increased his capacity to fill the vacant principal.
ii. Establishment of the position (social layer) which is higher than the existing layer. For example: a driver agreed to show Michael, his partner to become chief engineer of the newly formed community.
2) Mobility vertical drop (social sinking), the displacement movement of individuals or social groups the higher the lower layer. Divided into two forms namely:
i. Position of a person falling into a lower position, for example: because of bankruptcy, Wu Chong Lie merchants were forced into the pavement.
ii. Kekdudukan no longer valued as a social layer above, for example: the modernization of the society to make the position of the nobility no longer respected.
Implementation of vertical mobility basically has all the characteristics:
1) Changes in social status of a person or group resulted in an increase or decrease in social status in society.
2) Changes in social status of a person or group resulted in an increase or decrease the level of welfare of a person or group.
The general principle for vertical mobility, as follows:
1) Almost no public social coating system is absolutely closed.
2) However the opening of the coating system in a social community, social vertical motion may not be done freely.
3) vertical motion of social policies are not the same for all communities, each community has its own traits (typical) for social movements.
4) The rate of vertical social movement is caused by economic factors, jobs, the political is different.
5) In the experience of history, social vertical motion caused by economic factors, political and employment, there is no tendency that continues regarding the rate of increase or decrease in social movements.
II. Geographic mobility and Inter-Generation Mobility, not only focusing on mobility, but also focus on mobility as follows:
a. Geographical mobility (lateral mobility), is the motion of a person or group transfer from one area to another area. The form is divided into: Internal Migration (One of the city), Eskstern Migration, emigration (out of the territory), Immigration, Remigrasi, Emigration seasonal (not permanent), evacuation (temporary removal of the affected areas), migration, urbanization, etc. .
b. Mobility between generations, is a change or difference in social status between the two generations or more, do not be horizontal, if the current generation still occupy the same social layer with its predecessor generation means not happen intergenerational mobility, intergenerational mobility is divided into:
1) Intergenerational Mobility, is a change or difference in status between two or more generations in a single lineage.
2) Mobility Intragenerasi, is the difference in social status that occur in the same generation. Consisting of:
i. Figure 3, shows the mobility intragenerasi up, because the social status of a second child (Jakarta Governoor) higher than the social status of first child (Teacher).
ii. Figure 4 shows the mobility intragenerasi down, because the social status of the second son (teacher) is lower than the first child's social status (Professor)C. Diterminan and social mobility channels,
I. Diterminan social mobility are the factors that influence (whether simple or accelerate or hinder) the implementation of social mobility.
According to Horton Hunt, there are two factors namely:
1. Structural factors, the relative amounts that can and should be completed as well as ease of to get it if the number of jobs are not balanced by the applicant is including structural factor.
2. Individual factor, is the quality of individuals, both in terms of education, performance, personal skills. The luck factor that determines who managed to reach that position.
According to Karen Svalastoga, there are four social changes that affect the implementation of social mobility, namely:
1. Changes in Technology
2. Ability changes due to increased education and skills
3. Reproduction rates or differences in birth rates
4. Changes in attitudes
Besides other factors which affect the implementation of social mobility are:
1. Family factors (eg: divorce)
2. Racial and ethnic factors (eg, customs regulations)
3. Factor education
4. Factor of marriage (eg: early marriage)
5. Factor of sex (eg: job)
6. Factor of government programs (eg: age criteria)
7. Factor conditions of community
8. Factor mentality of someone who can be divided into:
a) positive mentality, the mentality that drives a person or group for social mobility, among others: never give up mentality, pure discipline, oriented to the future, appreciate the work of others.
b) negative mentality, the mentality that inhibits a person or group for social mobility, among others: the quality belittle others, oriented to the past to the present, not a pure discipline, suspicious of any renewal, the mentality like bypass.
II. Channels of Social Mobility
1. Armed forces
2. Political institutions (Government)
3. Religious Institutions
4. Educational institutions
5. Economic institutions
6. Social institutions
D. Consequences and Impact of Social Mobility
I. Consequences of Social Mobility
a. The occurrence of self-adjustment, the adjustment process works best: social mobility takes place in a rational and objective; of each party have insight or a positive mentality; social mobility takes place in accordance with the values and norms
b. Conflict
1. Individuals or groups who are members of a new social class could not adjust to the values and norms that exist in the new social class.
2. Conflicts can occur when individuals or groups that go into social groups or social classes that are not received by members of the new social group or social class into. The conflict is in the form:
i. Conflict of individual
ii. The conflict between social groupsiii. Intergenerational conflictiv. The conflict between social classesv. Conflicts between local people and new residents, and so on
II. Impact of Social Mobility
a. The positive impact of the implementation of social mobility
1. Provide the opportunity for individuals or groups to achieve his goals.
2. Encourage a person or a group or perform more advanced
3. Accelerate the movement of social change in society toward a better
b. Negative impact of the implementation of social mobility
1. Social impacts, including: reduction of group solidarity; emerging businesses looking for short cuts or diversion.
2. Psychological impact, including: anxiety, leading to frustration, anxiety arises, insecure, isolated itself, post-power syndrome (post power syndrome).
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english)
Social Mobility
A. The process of formation of Social Mobility
I. Definition of Mobility, "mobility" from the Latin barasal (mobilis = easy moved / moving a lot). According Soerjono Soekanto, social mobility is the movement from one social position to another social possisi. According Kamanto Sunarto, mobility is the transfer of social status in the social stratification. Understanding of social mobility involves two things: First, individual social mobility, social status, namely the motion displacement that occurred in the group; Second, the mobility of social groups, the social status of the motion displacement that occurred in the group.
II. Occurrence of Social Mobility Driving Factor
1) The existence of diverse social status in society
2) The economic factor
3) The existence of the uncertain political situation
4) The existence of religious motives
5) The factor of population (demographic)6) There is a desire to see other areas (wander)
III. The terms and benefits of Social Mobility
a. Terms of social mobility, according to Hendropuspito of social mobility will run fine, if it satisfies:
1. Society is open
2. Every citizen has equality before the law
3. Relying on the selection system
4. Mentality of the people are positive.
b. Social mobility benefits, according to Arif Rohman and his friends, the benefits are:
1. Or stimulate the creation of justice, that provide opportunities for every community to achieve their best chance
2. Creation of a meritocratic society, the people who give priority to the ability (merit) a person to carry out certain status rather than family background and ancestry.
3. Creation of expert communities, is a continuation meritocratic society, which everyone works according to its expertise.
4. Demokratitation creation of social structure, meaning setiaap individuals have the freedom to achieve social status is the highest in any social structure in the political, economic, social fields, and so forth.
B. Types of Social Mobility
I. Horizontal and Vertical Mobility
a. Horizontal mobility, the movement of individuals or groups move from one social status to another on an equal social status, have traits such as:
1) Changes in social status of a person or group does not result in changes in social status that is higher or lower.
2) Changes in social status of a person or group does not result in an increase or decrease the level of welfare.For example: Jackson who worked as a farm laborer and then moved on to become a construction worker.
b. Vertical mobility, the movement of individuals or groups move from one status to another status is not equal. Which is then divided into:
1) Mobility vertical rise (social climbing), the displacement movement of individuals or social groups from the lowest social layer to the higher social layers.Has two forms namely:
i. The rise of low social status of a person into a higher social status who have been there (available). For example: Jacky is a teacher, then increased his capacity to fill the vacant principal.
ii. Establishment of the position (social layer) which is higher than the existing layer. For example: a driver agreed to show Michael, his partner to become chief engineer of the newly formed community.
2) Mobility vertical drop (social sinking), the displacement movement of individuals or social groups the higher the lower layer. Divided into two forms namely:
i. Position of a person falling into a lower position, for example: because of bankruptcy, Wu Chong Lie merchants were forced into the pavement.
ii. Kekdudukan no longer valued as a social layer above, for example: the modernization of the society to make the position of the nobility no longer respected.
Implementation of vertical mobility basically has all the characteristics:
1) Changes in social status of a person or group resulted in an increase or decrease in social status in society.
2) Changes in social status of a person or group resulted in an increase or decrease the level of welfare of a person or group.
The general principle for vertical mobility, as follows:
1) Almost no public social coating system is absolutely closed.
2) However the opening of the coating system in a social community, social vertical motion may not be done freely.
3) vertical motion of social policies are not the same for all communities, each community has its own traits (typical) for social movements.
4) The rate of vertical social movement is caused by economic factors, jobs, the political is different.
5) In the experience of history, social vertical motion caused by economic factors, political and employment, there is no tendency that continues regarding the rate of increase or decrease in social movements.
II. Geographic mobility and Inter-Generation Mobility, not only focusing on mobility, but also focus on mobility as follows:
a. Geographical mobility (lateral mobility), is the motion of a person or group transfer from one area to another area. The form is divided into: Internal Migration (One of the city), Eskstern Migration, emigration (out of the territory), Immigration, Remigrasi, Emigration seasonal (not permanent), evacuation (temporary removal of the affected areas), migration, urbanization, etc. .
b. Mobility between generations, is a change or difference in social status between the two generations or more, do not be horizontal, if the current generation still occupy the same social layer with its predecessor generation means not happen intergenerational mobility, intergenerational mobility is divided into:
1) Intergenerational Mobility, is a change or difference in status between two or more generations in a single lineage.
(Figure 1, Intergenerational Mobility up)
i. Figure 1, shows naaik intergenerational mobility, because the social status of children (President) higher than the status of his father (Governor) and the status of the mother (Teacher) (Figure 2, intergenerational mobility down)
ii. Figure 2, shows the intergenerational mobility decreased, because the social status of children (village head) was lower than the social status of father (Governor) and maternal social status (the Minister).2) Mobility Intragenerasi, is the difference in social status that occur in the same generation. Consisting of:
(Figure 3, the mobility intragenerasi up)
i. Figure 3, shows the mobility intragenerasi up, because the social status of a second child (Jakarta Governoor) higher than the social status of first child (Teacher).
(Figure 4, the mobility intragenerasi down)
ii. Figure 4 shows the mobility intragenerasi down, because the social status of the second son (teacher) is lower than the first child's social status (Professor)C. Diterminan and social mobility channels,
I. Diterminan social mobility are the factors that influence (whether simple or accelerate or hinder) the implementation of social mobility.
According to Horton Hunt, there are two factors namely:
1. Structural factors, the relative amounts that can and should be completed as well as ease of to get it if the number of jobs are not balanced by the applicant is including structural factor.
2. Individual factor, is the quality of individuals, both in terms of education, performance, personal skills. The luck factor that determines who managed to reach that position.
According to Karen Svalastoga, there are four social changes that affect the implementation of social mobility, namely:
1. Changes in Technology
2. Ability changes due to increased education and skills
3. Reproduction rates or differences in birth rates
4. Changes in attitudes
Besides other factors which affect the implementation of social mobility are:
1. Family factors (eg: divorce)
2. Racial and ethnic factors (eg, customs regulations)
3. Factor education
4. Factor of marriage (eg: early marriage)
5. Factor of sex (eg: job)
6. Factor of government programs (eg: age criteria)
7. Factor conditions of community
8. Factor mentality of someone who can be divided into:
a) positive mentality, the mentality that drives a person or group for social mobility, among others: never give up mentality, pure discipline, oriented to the future, appreciate the work of others.
b) negative mentality, the mentality that inhibits a person or group for social mobility, among others: the quality belittle others, oriented to the past to the present, not a pure discipline, suspicious of any renewal, the mentality like bypass.
II. Channels of Social Mobility
1. Armed forces
2. Political institutions (Government)
3. Religious Institutions
4. Educational institutions
5. Economic institutions
6. Social institutions
D. Consequences and Impact of Social Mobility
I. Consequences of Social Mobility
a. The occurrence of self-adjustment, the adjustment process works best: social mobility takes place in a rational and objective; of each party have insight or a positive mentality; social mobility takes place in accordance with the values and norms
b. Conflict
1. Individuals or groups who are members of a new social class could not adjust to the values and norms that exist in the new social class.
2. Conflicts can occur when individuals or groups that go into social groups or social classes that are not received by members of the new social group or social class into. The conflict is in the form:
i. Conflict of individual
ii. The conflict between social groupsiii. Intergenerational conflictiv. The conflict between social classesv. Conflicts between local people and new residents, and so on
II. Impact of Social Mobility
a. The positive impact of the implementation of social mobility
1. Provide the opportunity for individuals or groups to achieve his goals.
2. Encourage a person or a group or perform more advanced
3. Accelerate the movement of social change in society toward a better
b. Negative impact of the implementation of social mobility
1. Social impacts, including: reduction of group solidarity; emerging businesses looking for short cuts or diversion.
2. Psychological impact, including: anxiety, leading to frustration, anxiety arises, insecure, isolated itself, post-power syndrome (post power syndrome).
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