BANGSA DAN NEGARA
(Wijianto. 2007.Pendidikan Kwarganegaraan Untuk SMA dan MA Kelas X. Jakarta:Piranti Darma dan __________. 1989. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta:Balai Pustaka.)
A. Hakikat Bangsas dan Unsur Terbentuknya
1. Bangsa
a. Bangsa,
i. Dalam arti sosiologis antropologis, bangsa adalah persekutuan hidup masyarakat yang berdiri sendiri, masing-masing anggota persekutuan hidup tersebut merasa kesaruan, mereka menjadisatu bangsa karena disatukan oleh kesamaan ras, budaya, keyakinan, dan bahasa yang disebut ikatan primodial. Bangsa memiliki cirri sebagai berikut: Sekelompok manusia yang memiliki rasa kebersamaan dan rasa memiliki, memiliki wilayah tertentu, adanya kehendak untuk membentuk atau berada dibawah pemerintahan yang dibuat sendiri, keanggotaaan orangnya bersifat kebangsaan, tidak dapat ditentukan secara pasti waktu kelahirannya, terjadi karena persamaan identitas.
ii. Dalam arti politis, bangsa adalah masyarakat dalam suatu daerah yang sama dan mereka tunduk kepada kedaulatan Negara sebagai kekuasaan tertinggi ke luar dank e dalam, mereka diikat oleh kekuasaan politik yakni Negara.
iii. Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, bangsa adalah orang- orang yang bersamaan asal keturunan, adat, bahasa, dan sejarahnya, serta berpemerintahaan sendiri.
b. Bangsa Indonesia, Menurut Ernest Renan, bangsa adalah kesatuan jiwa, jiwa yang mengandung kehendak untuk bersatu, orang-orang merasa diri satu dan mau bersatu, istilah perancis, bangsa adalah Le desir d’ etre ensemble. Menurut Otto Bauer, bangsa adalah suatu perangai timbul karena persamaan nasib, kesatuan, karakter, kesamaan watak yang lahir dari kesamaan derita dan keberuntungan yang sama, istilah bahasa Jerman, bangsa adalah “Charaktergemeinschaft.” Menurut Ki Baguns Hadikusumo, bangsa adalah bersatunya orang dengan tempat ia berada, persatuan antara orang dengan wilayah. Menurut Soekarno, bangsa Indonesia adalah seluruh manusia yang menurut wilayahnya telah ditentukan untuk tinggal secara bersama di wilayah Nusantara dari ujung barat hingga ujung timur yang memiliki “Le desir d’etre ensemble” dan “Charaktergemeinschaft.”Faktor pembentukan bangsa Indonesia yakni:
i. Persamaan nasib
ii. Keinginan untuk merdeka dan melepaskan diri dari penjajahan
iii. Kesatuan tempat tinggal
iv. Cita-cita untuk mencapai kemakmuran dan keadilan.
c. Unsur terbentuknya Bangsa
i. Dalam arti sosiologis dan antropologis yakni: Pertama, kesamaan keturunan (hereditas), persamaan darah, dan hubungan kekerabatan; Kedua, kesamaan tanah kelahiran atau tempat tinggal (homeland); Ketiga, kesamaan budaya, adat, bahasa, dan keyakinan;
ii. Dalam arti politis yakni: Pertama, keingingan bersama untuk mencapai kemajuan dan kesejahteraan hidup; kedua, adanya nasib yang sama; Ketiga, adanya wilayah bersama yang dianggap sebagai wilayah bangsa yang bersangkutan.
2. Pengertian dan Teori terjadinya Negara
a) Pengertian Negara. Menurut Miriam Budiardjo, Negara adalah suatu daerah territorial yang rakyatnya di perintah oleh sejumlah pejabat dan berhasil menuntut ketaaatan warganya pada perundingan melalui penguasaan control dari kekuasaan yang sah; Menurut Aristoteles, Negara adalah suatu persekutuan yang beranggotakan keluarga dan desa guna memperoleh hidup yang sebaik-baiknya; Menurut Profesor Kranenburg, Negara adalah suatu system untuk tugas-tugas umum dan organisasi-organisasi yang diatur, dalam usaha Negara untuk mencapai tujuannya, yang juga menjadi tujuan rakyat atau masyarakat yang dipimpin, maka harus ada pemerintah yang berdaulat; Menurut Roger H. Soltau, Negara adalah alat (agency) atau wewenang (authory) yang mengatur atau mengendalikan persoalan bersama, atas nama masyarakat; Menurut Harold J. Laski, Negara adalah suatu masyarakat yang diintegrasikan karena mempunyai wewenang yang bersifat memaksa secara sah, lebih agung dari individu atau kelompok yang merupakan bagian dari masyarakat itu, sedangkan masyarakat adalah suatu kelompok manusia yang hidup dan bekerja sama untuk mencapai terkabulnya keinginan-keinginan mereka bersama; Menurut Max Weber, Negara adalag suatu masyarakat yang mempunyai monopoli dalam penguasaan kekerasan fisik secara sah dalam suatu wilayah; Menurut Robert M. Mac Iver, Negara adalah asosiasi yang menyelenggarakan penertiban terhadap suatu masyarakat dalam suatu wilayah dengan berdasarkan system hukum yang diselenggarakan oleh suatu pemerintahan untuk maksud tersebut diberi kekuasaan memaksa.
b) Teori terjadinya Negara. Teori Kenyataan, menganggap bahwa sudah kenyataan, berdasarkan syarat-syarat yang dipenuhi Negara itu dapat timbul; Teori Ketuhanan, menganggap bahwa sudah kehendak Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, Negara itu timbul; Teori Perjanjian, menganggap bahwa suatu Negara terbentuk berdasarkan perjanjian bersama, baik antara orang-orang yang sepakat mendirikan Negara maupun antara orang-orang yang menjajah dan yang dijajah; Teori penaklukan, menganggap bahwa Negara itu timbul karena sekelompok manusia mengalahkan kelompok manusia lain, dengan demikian, pembentukan Negara dapat terjadi karena proklamasi, pelebudan, dan penguasaan atau pemberontakan, teori ini disebut juga teori kekuatan (force theory) karena dalam teori ini kekuatan memuat hukum (fight makes right), kekuatan adalah pembenaran dan raison d’etre- nya Negara;Teori Patrineal dan Matrineal, teori patrineal yang menganggap bahwa Negara timbul karena dalam suatu kelompok keluarga yang primitive, ayahlah yang berkuasa dan garis keturunan ditarik dari pihak ayah, sedangkan teori matrineal adalah apabula keadaan ini berlangsung pada kelompok suku yang menarik garis keturunan melalui ibu; Teori Organis, menganggap bahwa Negara sebagai manusia, pemerintah dianggap sebagai tulang, undang-undang sebagai syaraf, kepala Negara sebagai kepala, dan masyarakat sebagai daging; Teori Daluwarsa, menganggap bahwa Negara terbentuk karena memang kekuasaan raja (baik diterima maupun ditolak masyarakat) sudah daluwarsa memiliki kerajaan (sudah lama memiliki kekuasaan, akhirnya menjadi hak milik karena kebiasaan); Teori Alamiah, menganggap bahwa Negara adalah ciptaan alam karena manusia dianggap sebagai makhluk social sekaligus makhluk politik; Teori Fisiofis, menganggap bahwa Negara terbentuk berdasarkan renungan tentang Negara, memikirkan bagaimana Negara itu seharusnya ada, Negara sebagai kesatuan yang mistik, bersifat supranatural, tetapi memiliki hakikat sendiri yang terlepas dari komponennya; Teori Historis, menganggap bahwa lembaga-lembaga social kenegaraan tidak dibuat, tetapi secara evolusioner sesuai dengan kebutuhan manusia.
c) Unsur-unsur Negara, dalam Konvensi Montevideo 1993 mengenai hak-hak dan kewajiban Negara, dalam pasal 1 konvensi tersebut dinyatakan bahwa suatu Negara secara pribadi internasional harus memiliki kualifikasi sebagai berikut: Pertama, penduduk yang tetap; Kedua, wilayah yang pasti; Ketiga, pemerintah yang berdaulat; keempat, kemampuan mengadakan hubungan dengan Negara lain. Menurut Oppenheim- Lauterpacht menyatakan unsure-unsur Negara tidak dari aspek Negara selaku pribadi internasional, tetapi Negara dari aspek organisasi. Menurutnya unsure-unsur Negara sebagai organisasi terbagi menjadi dua yakni:
i. Unsur Konstitutif, adalah unsure mutlak atau unsure yang harus ada untuk terjadinya Negara.
ii. Unsur Deklaratif, adalah unsure yang sifatnya pernyataan dan bersifat melengkapi unsure konstitutif.
3. Pentingnya pengakuan suatu Negara dari Negara Lain
a) Arti pengakuan (Recognition), diartikan sebagai suatu tindakan bebas dari Negara lain yang mengakui eksistensi suatu wilayah yang terorganisasi secara politik. Bentuk-bentuk pengakuan yakni: Pertama, Negara baru (recognition of a new state); Kedua, pemerintah baru (recognition of a new government); Ketiga, pemberontak yang dibedakan menjadi pengakuat terhadap kaum insurgency dan kaum belligerenci; Keempat, suatu bangsa (recognition of a new nation); Kelima, hak-hak territorial baru (recognition of a new territorial right). Bentuk-bentuk pengakuan dari Negara lain adalah: Pertama, pengakuan de jure, artinya pengakuan berdasar hukum, menurut Negara yang mengakui, Negara yang diakui tersebut secara formal telah memenuhi persyaratan yang ditentukan oleh hukum internasional untuk dapat berpartisipasi aktif dalam tata pergaulan internasional, pendakuan de jure baru dapat diberikan apabila pihak yang akan di akui tersebut memenuhi kualifikasi yakni: telah mengakui secara efektif; rakyat yang sebagian besar mendukung dan mengakui kekuasaan tersebut; adanya kesediaan yang akan diakui secara de jure untuk menaati kaidah hukum internasional; Kedua, pengakuan de facto, artinya pengakuan menurut kenyataannya, suatu negaa diakui karena memang secara nyata telah memenuhi unsure sebagai Negara. Perbedaan antara pengakuan de facto dan de jure adalah: Pertama, pengakuan de facto dapat ditarik kembali; Kedua, Negara yang diakui secara dejure dapat megajukan klaim atas segala barang yang berada di wilayah Negara yang mengakui tersebut; Ketiga, wakil-wakil Negara yang di akui secara de facto tidak berhak atas kekebalan dan hak istimewa diplomatic. Namun, pada dasarnya cara member pengakuan dapat dibedakan menjadi: Pertama, pemberian pengakuan yang dilakukan secara tegas dan nyata (expressed recognition); Kedua, pemberian pengakuan yang dapat disimpulkan dari suatu tindakan tertentu, disebut juga pengakuan dengan cara tersimpul (implied recognition).
b) Arti penting pengakuan. Teori konstitutif, yaitu teori yang memandang bahwa unsure pengakuan sangat penting bagi pembentukan Negara; Teori deklatoir, yaitu teori yang menyatakan bahwa pengakuan tetap merupakan suatu deklaratoir (pengumuman terhadap Negara lain mengenai adanya Negara baru).
B. Hakikat Negara dan Bentuk Negara
1. Fungsi dan Tujuan Negara
a) Fungsi Negara. Menurut Miriam Budiardjo dalam bukunya Dasar-dasar Ilmu Politik, fungsi Negara yakni: Pertama, Melaksanakan penertiban; Kedua, mengusahakan kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan; Ketiga, mengusahakan pertahanan; Keempat, menegakkan keadilan.
b) Tujuan Negara. Ajaran Plato, Negara bertujuan memajukan kesusilaan manusia sebagai individu maupun kehidupan social; Ajaran Negara Kekuasaan, menurut Shang Yang, tujuan Negara adalah mendapatkan kekuasaan yang sebesar-besarnya, Menurut Marchiavelli menyatakan tujuan Negara adalah menghimpun kekuasaan agar mencapai kehormatan, kebesaran, dan kesejahteraan bangsa; Ajaran Teokrasi, Menurut Agustinus, tujuan Negara dihubungkan dengan cita hidup manusia di alam kekal, yaitu sesuai dengan keinginan Tuhan; Ajaran Polisi (hukum dalam arti sempit), Negara bertujuan menjaga keamanan dan ketertiban, serta memelihara dan kemerdekaan warga Negara, penganjurannya adalah Imamanuel Kant; Ajaran Negara Hukum, tujuan Negara adalah menyelenggarakan ketertiban hukum dengan berdasarkan pada berpedoman pada hukum, pengajurannya adalah Krabbe; Ajaran Negara Kesejahteraan, Negara kesejahteraan disebut Welfare State atau Social Service State, tujuan Negara adalah mewujudkan kesejahteraan umum, kesejahteraan yang ada diharapkan adil dan merata bagi seluruh rakyat.
2. Bentuk-bentuk Negara
a) Bentuk Negara
i. Negara Kesatuan atau Unitaris, Negara kesatuan adalah Negara bersusunan tunggal. Dalam praktiknya, Negara kesatuan dapat dilaksanakan menjadi: Pertama, Sentralisasi, semua hal dan urusan diatur oleh pemerintah pusat; Kedua, Desentralisasi, urusan pemerintahan sebagian diserahkan kepada daerah untuk menyelenggarakannya.
ii. Negara Serikat atau Federal, adalah Negara yang bersusunan jamak atau terdiri dari Negara-negara bagian. Dalam Negara federasi terdapat hal sebagai berikut; Pertama, dua macam Negara, yaitu Negara bagian da Negara federasi atau gabungan; Kedua, duam macam pemerintahan, yaitu pemerintah Negara bagian dan pemerintah Negara federasi; Ketiga, dua macam undang-undang dasar, yaitu undang-undang Negara bagian dan undang-undang Negara federasi; Keempat, dua macam urusan, yaitu urusan yang berkaitan dengan Negara bagian dan urusan bersama yang diurus oleh Negara federasi; Kelima, Negara dalam Negara, artinya Negara-negara bagian itu berada di dalam Negara federasi. Selain Negara serikat atau Negara federasi terdapat pula isitilah serikat Negara atau perserikatan Negara atau konfederasi, Serikat Negara adalah gabungan atau perserikatan dari beberapa Negara berdaulat, baik ke dalam maupun keluar.
b) Bentuk Kenegaraan
i. Koloni, merupakan wilayah jajahan.
ii. Perwalian atau Trustee, adalah wilayah yang diurus oleh beberapa Negara atau Negara di bawah Dewan Perwalian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Maksudnya adanya perwalian adalah agar wilayah atau Negara itu dapat mempersiapkan diri, baik secara ekonomi, politik, dan social menuju pemerintah sendiri dan kemerdekaan sepenuhnya.
iii. Dominion, merujuk pada Negara yang tergabung dalam The British Commonwealth of Nation atau Negara-negara persemakmuran Britania, tujuan kerjasama adalah untuk mempererat persahabatan.
iv. Uni, terjadi apabila dua Negara atau lebih yang berdaulat mempunyai sesorang kepala Negara yang sama. Uni dibedakan menjadi: Pertama, Uni Riil atau Uni Nyata, terjadi bila kedua Negara memiliki alat kelengkapan Negara yang sama yang telah ditentukan terlebih dahulu, contohnya Uni Indonesia-Belanda tahun 1949 dengan Ratu Juliana (Kerajaan Belanda) sebagai kepala Negara; Kedua, uni personil, terjadi apabila kedua Negara mempunyai seorang raja sekaligus sebagai kepala Negara, contohnya: Uni Belanda-Luxemburg (1839-1890), Uni Swedia-Norwegia (1814-1905), dan Uni Inggris- Hanover (1714-1837).
v. Mandat, adalah suatu bekas Negara jajahan dari Negara-negara yang kalah tersebut diletakkan di bawah perlindungan Negara yang menang dalam perang serta di awasi oleh Dewan Mandat Liga Bangsa-bangsa (LBB), contohnya, Kamerun sebagai Negara bekas jajahan Jerman dijadikan mandate oleh Perancis.
vi. Protektorat, Negara yang berada di bawah perlindungan Negara yang lebih kuat, contohnya, Hon Khong merupakan protektorat dari Inffris diserahkan kembali oleh Inggris kepada Cina Daratan.
Daftar Istilah
istilah | Arti |
Bangsa | Orang-orang yang bersamaan asal keturunan, adat, bahasa, dan sejarahnya serta berpemerintahan sendiri |
Birokrasi | System pemerintah yang dijalankan oleh pegawai pemerintah karena telah berpegang teguh pada hierarki dan jenjang jabatan |
De Facto | Berdasarkan kenyataan, fakta |
De Jure | Berdasarkan hukum |
Desentralisasi | Penyerahan urusan pemerintahan daerah tingkat atasnya kepada daerah yang menjadi urusan rumah tangganya |
Etnik | Suku, suku bangsa |
Imagined Community | Masyarakat yang dibayangkan |
Nasionalisme | Perasaan mengbangkitkan atas dasar kesamaan asal usul, kekeluargaan, hubungan dengan sekelompok orang daripada dengan orang lain dan mempunyai perasaan berada di bawah satu kekuasaan |
Nation State | Negara-Bangsa, Negara berdasar kebangsaan |
Patriotisme | Cinta Tanah Air |
Sentralisasi | Pneyatuan segala sesuatu ke suatu tempat yang dianggap sebagai pusat |
The founding father | Pendirian |
Welfare State | Negara kesejahteraan |
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english)
NATION AND STATE(Wijianto. 2007.Pendidikan Kwarganegaraan For SMA and MA Class X. London: Tools Darma and __________. Of 1989. Big Indonesian Dictionary. Jakarta: Central Library.)1. Elements of the nature and formation BangsasA. Nationa. Nation,i. In sociological anthropological sense, is the community life of the nation that stands alone, each member feels the unity of our fellowship, because they menjadisatu nation united by a common race, culture, beliefs, and language called primordial ties. Nation has the cirri as follows: A group of humans who have a sense of togetherness and a sense of belonging, having a specific region, the desire to establish or rule made under his own, one is the national membership, can not be determined with certainty the time of his birth, occurs because of the identity equation.ii. In a political sense, the nation is a society in the same area and they are subject to the sovereignty of the State as the ultimate power to the outside and because e in, they are bound by the political power of the State.iii. According to Big Indonesian Dictionary, is the nation's people are descendants of the same origin, customs, language, and history, as well as berpemerintahaan own.
b. Indonesian nation, according to Ernest Renan, the nation is the unity of the soul, the soul that contains the will to unite, the people felt themselves to one and want to unite, french terms, the nation is Le desir d 'etre ensemble. According to Otto Bauer, the nation is a common fate of temperament arises because, unity, character, character similarity that is born of common suffering and the same good fortune, a German term, the nation is "Charaktergemeinschaft." Said Ki Baguns Hadikusumo, the nation is a union of people with place he is, the unity between the people with the territory. According to Sukarno, Indonesia is a whole human being in the region have been determined to live together in the archipelago of the west end to east end with "Le desir d'etre ensemble" and "Charaktergemeinschaft." Factors of nation-Indonesia namely:i. Equation fateii. The desire for independence and break away from colonialiii. Unity of residenceiv. The aspiration to achieve prosperity and justice.c. The formation of elementali. In the sense of sociological and anthropological namely: First, common descent (heredity), the equation of blood, and kinship; Second, the common birthplace or place of residence (Homeland); Third, common culture, customs, language, and beliefs;ii. In the political sense: First, with the desire to achieve progress and prosperity of life, secondly, the same fate; Third, the region is considered a region with the nation concerned.2. Understanding and theory of the Statea) Definition of State. According to Miriam Budiardjo, the State is a territorial area of its people in order by number of officials and citizens to successfully prosecute ketaaatan by gaining control of the negotiations the legitimate authority; According to Aristotle, the State is a partnership consisting of family and village life in order to obtain the best possible ; According to Professor Kranenburg, the State is a system for general duties, and regulated organizations, the business of the State to achieve its goal, which is also a popular destination or community-led, then there must be a sovereign government; According to Roger H. Soltau, the State is the instrument (agency) or authority (authory) which regulate or control the problem together, on behalf of the community; According to Harold J. Laski, the State is a community that is integrated because it has a coercive authority is legitimate, more glorious than an individual or group that is part of that society, while society is a group of people who live and work together to achieve their wishes granted with; According to Max Weber, the State adalag a society that has a monopoly in the control of legitimate physical violence within a region; According to Robert M. Mac Iver, the State is an organized association of a community policing in an area with a law based system organized by a government for this purpose given the power to force.b) Theory of the State. Theory of fact, assume that it is true, on terms that met the State could arise; Theory of Belief, assume that it is the will of God the Almighty, the State arises; Theory of the Agreement, considers that a State is formed by mutual agreement, both among the who agreed to establish the State as well as among those who invaded and colonized; conquest theory, assumes that the state arises because a group of men beat another human group, as such, the establishment of the State may occur because of the proclamation, smelting, and mastery or rebellion, This theory also called theory of strength (force theory) because in this theory includes the power law (fight makes right), power is the justification and raison d'etre of the State; Theory and Matrineal Patrineal, patrineal theory which assumes that the State arising from a a primitive group of families, fathers who came to power and lineage drawn from the father, while the theory is apabula matrineal this situation takes place in an exciting ethnic groups through the maternal lineage; Organic Theory, assumes that the State as a human being, the government regarded as a bone, law- Act as a nerve, head of the State as the head, and the community as flesh; Theory of Time Limits, assume that the state formed by the king's power (both accepted and rejected people) have already expired empire (already long had the power, eventually becoming the property out of habit); Natural theory, assumes that the State is a creation of human nature as social beings as well regarded as a political creature; Fisiofis Theory, assumes that the State is formed by reflection on the state, think about how the State was supposed to be there, the State as a mystical union, is supernatural, but it has a nature independent of its components; Historical Theory, assumes that the social institutions of the state is not made, but it is evolutionary in accordance with human needs.c) The elements of the State, in the 1993 Montevideo Convention on the rights and obligations of the State, in article 1 of the Convention states that an international privately State should have the following qualifications: First, a permanent resident; Secondly, the certain region; Third , a sovereign government; fourth, the ability to make contact with other countries. According to Oppenheim-Lauterpacht claimed elements of the State not as the personal aspect of international State, but the State of the aspects of the organization. He said elements of the State as an organization is divided into two namely:i. Constitutive elements, is the absolute element or elements that must exist for the State.ii. Declarative elements, are elements that are complementary statements and constitutive elements.3. The importance of recognition of a State from Other Countriesa) The meaning of recognition (Recognition), defined as a free action of other countries that recognize the existence of a region that is politically organized. The forms of recognition are: First, a new State (recognition of a new state); Second, the new government (recognition of a new government); Third, differentiated into pengakuat rebel against the insurgency and the belligerenci; Fourth, a nation (recognition of a new nation); Fifth, the new territorial rights (recognition of a new territorial right). The forms of recognition from other States are: First, de jure recognition, meaning recognition of law, according to state that recognizes, the State formally recognized in compliance with the requirements stipulated by international law to be able to participate actively in the order of international relations, pendakuan de jure can be given if the party will be recognized that qualify are: has effectively acknowledged; the people who support and recognize most of these powers; a willingness to be recognized de jure to obey the rules of international law; Second, the recognition of de facto, means of recognition in reality, a negaa recognized because it is substantially in compliance with elements of the State. Difference between the recognition of de facto and de jure are: First, de facto recognition may be withdrawn; Second, the State can be recognized de jure megajukan claim for any goods that are in the country that recognizes it; Third, representatives of the State to admit are de facto not entitled to diplomatic immunity and privileges. However, basically the way the member recognition can be divided into: First, the provision is expressly made recognition and real (expressed recognition); Second, the provision of recognition that can be inferred from a particular action, called also the recognition by knotted (implied recognition).b) The importance of recognition. Constitutive theory, the theory which holds that the recognition element is essential for the establishment of the State; deklatoir theory, the theory that recognition remains a declaratory (announcement of other countries regarding the new state).B. State the nature and form of the StateA. Function and purpose of the Statea) The function of the State. According to Miriam Budiardjo in his book Fundamentals of Political Science, State functions namely: First, implement enforcement; Second, seek prosperity and welfare; Third, seeking defense; Fourth, establish justice.b) The purpose of the State. The teachings of Plato, the State aims to promote human decency as an individual and social life; State Powers Doctrine, according to Shang Yang, State goal is to get maximum power, according to State Marchiavelli stated purpose is to gather power in order to achieve the honor, greatness, and welfare of the nation; Theocracy teachings, according to Augustine, the State connected with the ideal goal of human life in the eternal nature, which is in accordance with the will of God; Doctrine of Police (law in the strict sense), the State aims at maintaining security and order, and maintain and independence of citizens, penganjurannya is Imamanuel Kant ; Doctrine of State law, the purpose of the State is conducting a legal order based on based on the law, pengajurannya is Krabbe; Welfare State Doctrine, so-called welfare state Welfare State or Social Service State, the State goal is to realize common prosperity, well-being are expected to fair and equitable for all the people.
2. State formsa) Forms of Statei. Unity or Unitarian State, the State unit is a single bersusunan State. In practice, the State unit can be carried out: First, centralization, of all things and matters regulated by the central government; Second, decentralization, government affairs partially handed over to the area to minister.ii. U.S. State or Federal, state that the arrangement is composed of plural or states. Contained in a federated state as follows: First, two kinds of state, ie state of da state federation or coalition; Second, duam types of government, the state government and federal state government; Third, the two basic laws, the lawsState laws and laws of the State federation; Fourth, the two kinds of affairs, namely matters relating to state affairs and jointly administered by the State of the federation; Fifth, the State within a State, means that states are in the state federation. State of the State other than the union or union federation, there is also The term State of the State or confederation or union, the Union State is the union or the union of several sovereign States, either inside or out.b) The form of the Statei. Colony, a colony.ii. Guardianship or the Trustee, is a territory administered by a State or States under the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations. The point is that the existence of a trust territory or country can prepare themselves, both economically, politically, and socially towards their own government and full independence.iii. Dominion, refers to the countries that are members of The British Commonwealth of Nations or British Commonwealth countries, the goal is to strengthen the friendly cooperation.iv. Union, occurs when two or more of the sovereign State of someone having the same head of state. Union can be divided into: First, the Union or Union of Real Real, occurs when the two countries have the same fittings Countries that have been determined in advance, for example Indonesia-Dutch Union in 1949 by Queen Juliana (the Netherlands) as the head of the State; Second, union personnel , occurs when the two countries have a king as well as the head of state, for example: the Netherlands-Luxemburg Union (1839-1890), the Swedish-Norwegian Union (1814-1905), and the British Union-Hanover (1714-1837).v. Mandate, is a former colony of the State of the losing countries are put under the protection of the State who won the war and are supervised by the Council of the League of Nations Mandate (LBB), for example, Cameroon as a former colony of German State made by the French mandate.vi. Protectorate, the State which are under the protection of more powerful countries, for example, Hon Khong is a protectorate of the British Inffris handed back to China Mainland.
Glossary of Terms
b. Indonesian nation, according to Ernest Renan, the nation is the unity of the soul, the soul that contains the will to unite, the people felt themselves to one and want to unite, french terms, the nation is Le desir d 'etre ensemble. According to Otto Bauer, the nation is a common fate of temperament arises because, unity, character, character similarity that is born of common suffering and the same good fortune, a German term, the nation is "Charaktergemeinschaft." Said Ki Baguns Hadikusumo, the nation is a union of people with place he is, the unity between the people with the territory. According to Sukarno, Indonesia is a whole human being in the region have been determined to live together in the archipelago of the west end to east end with "Le desir d'etre ensemble" and "Charaktergemeinschaft." Factors of nation-Indonesia namely:i. Equation fateii. The desire for independence and break away from colonialiii. Unity of residenceiv. The aspiration to achieve prosperity and justice.c. The formation of elementali. In the sense of sociological and anthropological namely: First, common descent (heredity), the equation of blood, and kinship; Second, the common birthplace or place of residence (Homeland); Third, common culture, customs, language, and beliefs;ii. In the political sense: First, with the desire to achieve progress and prosperity of life, secondly, the same fate; Third, the region is considered a region with the nation concerned.2. Understanding and theory of the Statea) Definition of State. According to Miriam Budiardjo, the State is a territorial area of its people in order by number of officials and citizens to successfully prosecute ketaaatan by gaining control of the negotiations the legitimate authority; According to Aristotle, the State is a partnership consisting of family and village life in order to obtain the best possible ; According to Professor Kranenburg, the State is a system for general duties, and regulated organizations, the business of the State to achieve its goal, which is also a popular destination or community-led, then there must be a sovereign government; According to Roger H. Soltau, the State is the instrument (agency) or authority (authory) which regulate or control the problem together, on behalf of the community; According to Harold J. Laski, the State is a community that is integrated because it has a coercive authority is legitimate, more glorious than an individual or group that is part of that society, while society is a group of people who live and work together to achieve their wishes granted with; According to Max Weber, the State adalag a society that has a monopoly in the control of legitimate physical violence within a region; According to Robert M. Mac Iver, the State is an organized association of a community policing in an area with a law based system organized by a government for this purpose given the power to force.b) Theory of the State. Theory of fact, assume that it is true, on terms that met the State could arise; Theory of Belief, assume that it is the will of God the Almighty, the State arises; Theory of the Agreement, considers that a State is formed by mutual agreement, both among the who agreed to establish the State as well as among those who invaded and colonized; conquest theory, assumes that the state arises because a group of men beat another human group, as such, the establishment of the State may occur because of the proclamation, smelting, and mastery or rebellion, This theory also called theory of strength (force theory) because in this theory includes the power law (fight makes right), power is the justification and raison d'etre of the State; Theory and Matrineal Patrineal, patrineal theory which assumes that the State arising from a a primitive group of families, fathers who came to power and lineage drawn from the father, while the theory is apabula matrineal this situation takes place in an exciting ethnic groups through the maternal lineage; Organic Theory, assumes that the State as a human being, the government regarded as a bone, law- Act as a nerve, head of the State as the head, and the community as flesh; Theory of Time Limits, assume that the state formed by the king's power (both accepted and rejected people) have already expired empire (already long had the power, eventually becoming the property out of habit); Natural theory, assumes that the State is a creation of human nature as social beings as well regarded as a political creature; Fisiofis Theory, assumes that the State is formed by reflection on the state, think about how the State was supposed to be there, the State as a mystical union, is supernatural, but it has a nature independent of its components; Historical Theory, assumes that the social institutions of the state is not made, but it is evolutionary in accordance with human needs.c) The elements of the State, in the 1993 Montevideo Convention on the rights and obligations of the State, in article 1 of the Convention states that an international privately State should have the following qualifications: First, a permanent resident; Secondly, the certain region; Third , a sovereign government; fourth, the ability to make contact with other countries. According to Oppenheim-Lauterpacht claimed elements of the State not as the personal aspect of international State, but the State of the aspects of the organization. He said elements of the State as an organization is divided into two namely:i. Constitutive elements, is the absolute element or elements that must exist for the State.ii. Declarative elements, are elements that are complementary statements and constitutive elements.3. The importance of recognition of a State from Other Countriesa) The meaning of recognition (Recognition), defined as a free action of other countries that recognize the existence of a region that is politically organized. The forms of recognition are: First, a new State (recognition of a new state); Second, the new government (recognition of a new government); Third, differentiated into pengakuat rebel against the insurgency and the belligerenci; Fourth, a nation (recognition of a new nation); Fifth, the new territorial rights (recognition of a new territorial right). The forms of recognition from other States are: First, de jure recognition, meaning recognition of law, according to state that recognizes, the State formally recognized in compliance with the requirements stipulated by international law to be able to participate actively in the order of international relations, pendakuan de jure can be given if the party will be recognized that qualify are: has effectively acknowledged; the people who support and recognize most of these powers; a willingness to be recognized de jure to obey the rules of international law; Second, the recognition of de facto, means of recognition in reality, a negaa recognized because it is substantially in compliance with elements of the State. Difference between the recognition of de facto and de jure are: First, de facto recognition may be withdrawn; Second, the State can be recognized de jure megajukan claim for any goods that are in the country that recognizes it; Third, representatives of the State to admit are de facto not entitled to diplomatic immunity and privileges. However, basically the way the member recognition can be divided into: First, the provision is expressly made recognition and real (expressed recognition); Second, the provision of recognition that can be inferred from a particular action, called also the recognition by knotted (implied recognition).b) The importance of recognition. Constitutive theory, the theory which holds that the recognition element is essential for the establishment of the State; deklatoir theory, the theory that recognition remains a declaratory (announcement of other countries regarding the new state).B. State the nature and form of the StateA. Function and purpose of the Statea) The function of the State. According to Miriam Budiardjo in his book Fundamentals of Political Science, State functions namely: First, implement enforcement; Second, seek prosperity and welfare; Third, seeking defense; Fourth, establish justice.b) The purpose of the State. The teachings of Plato, the State aims to promote human decency as an individual and social life; State Powers Doctrine, according to Shang Yang, State goal is to get maximum power, according to State Marchiavelli stated purpose is to gather power in order to achieve the honor, greatness, and welfare of the nation; Theocracy teachings, according to Augustine, the State connected with the ideal goal of human life in the eternal nature, which is in accordance with the will of God; Doctrine of Police (law in the strict sense), the State aims at maintaining security and order, and maintain and independence of citizens, penganjurannya is Imamanuel Kant ; Doctrine of State law, the purpose of the State is conducting a legal order based on based on the law, pengajurannya is Krabbe; Welfare State Doctrine, so-called welfare state Welfare State or Social Service State, the State goal is to realize common prosperity, well-being are expected to fair and equitable for all the people.
2. State formsa) Forms of Statei. Unity or Unitarian State, the State unit is a single bersusunan State. In practice, the State unit can be carried out: First, centralization, of all things and matters regulated by the central government; Second, decentralization, government affairs partially handed over to the area to minister.ii. U.S. State or Federal, state that the arrangement is composed of plural or states. Contained in a federated state as follows: First, two kinds of state, ie state of da state federation or coalition; Second, duam types of government, the state government and federal state government; Third, the two basic laws, the lawsState laws and laws of the State federation; Fourth, the two kinds of affairs, namely matters relating to state affairs and jointly administered by the State of the federation; Fifth, the State within a State, means that states are in the state federation. State of the State other than the union or union federation, there is also The term State of the State or confederation or union, the Union State is the union or the union of several sovereign States, either inside or out.b) The form of the Statei. Colony, a colony.ii. Guardianship or the Trustee, is a territory administered by a State or States under the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations. The point is that the existence of a trust territory or country can prepare themselves, both economically, politically, and socially towards their own government and full independence.iii. Dominion, refers to the countries that are members of The British Commonwealth of Nations or British Commonwealth countries, the goal is to strengthen the friendly cooperation.iv. Union, occurs when two or more of the sovereign State of someone having the same head of state. Union can be divided into: First, the Union or Union of Real Real, occurs when the two countries have the same fittings Countries that have been determined in advance, for example Indonesia-Dutch Union in 1949 by Queen Juliana (the Netherlands) as the head of the State; Second, union personnel , occurs when the two countries have a king as well as the head of state, for example: the Netherlands-Luxemburg Union (1839-1890), the Swedish-Norwegian Union (1814-1905), and the British Union-Hanover (1714-1837).v. Mandate, is a former colony of the State of the losing countries are put under the protection of the State who won the war and are supervised by the Council of the League of Nations Mandate (LBB), for example, Cameroon as a former colony of German State made by the French mandate.vi. Protectorate, the State which are under the protection of more powerful countries, for example, Hon Khong is a protectorate of the British Inffris handed back to China Mainland.
Glossary of Terms
The meaning of | the term |
| Nation | People who are descendants of the same origin, customs, language, and history as well as self-governing |
| Bureaucracy | System of government that is run by government employees for sticking to the hierarchy and the hierarchy |
De Facto | |
De Jure | Based on the law |
| Decentralization | Delivery of local government affairs to the regions above the level of the household affairs |
| Ethnic | Tribal, ethnic |
Imagined Community | An imagined community |
Nasionalism | Feelings aroused on the basis of common origin, kinship, relationship with a group of people than with others and have the feeling of being under the rule |
Nation State | State-Nation, the State based on nationality |
Patriotisme | Love the country |
| Centralization | The unification of all things to a place that is considered as the center |
The founding father | Establishment |
Welfare State | Welfare State |
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