Definisi Pneumonia


Definisi Pneumonia
Definisi Pneumonia
LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN PNEUMONIA
DEFINISI PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia merupakan peradangan akut parenkim paru yang biasanya berasal dari suatu infeksi. (Price, 1995)
ETIOLOGI PNEUMONIA
1.    Bakteri
Pneumonia bakteri biasanya didapatkan pada usia lanjut. Organisme gram posifif seperti : Steptococcus pneumonia, S. aerous, dan streptococcus pyogenesis. Bakteri gram negatif seperti Haemophilus influenza, klebsiella pneumonia dan P. Aeruginosa.
2.    Virus
Disebabkan oleh virus influensa yang menyebar melalui transmisi droplet. Cytomegalovirus dalam hal ini dikenal sebagai penyebab utama pneumonia virus.
3.    Jamur
Infeksi yang disebabkan jamur seperti histoplasmosis menyebar melalui penghirupan udara yang mengandung spora dan biasanya ditemukan pada kotoran burung, tanah serta kompos.
4.    Protozoa
Menimbulkan terjadinya Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (CPC). Biasanya menjangkiti pasien yang mengalami immunosupresi. (Reeves, 2001)
5.    Aspirasi
6.    Inhalasi

PATOFISIOLOGI
Pneumonia dapat terjadi akibat menghirup bibit penyakit di udara, atau kuman di tenggorokan terisap masuk ke paru-paru. Penyebaran bisa juga melalui darah dari luka di tempat lain, misalnya di kulit. Jika melalui saluran napas, agen (bibit penyakit) yang masuk akan dilawan oleh berbagai sistem pertahanan tubuh manusia. Misalnya, dengan batuk-batuk, atau perlawanan oleh sel-sel pada lapisan lendir tenggorokan, hingga gerakan rambut-rambut halus (silia) untuk mengeluarkan mukus (lendir) tersebut keluar.
KOMPLIKASI
Komplikasi dari pneumonia adalah sebagai berikut :
1.    Empisema
2.    Gagal nafas
3.    Perikarditis
4.    Meningitis
5.    Hipotensi
6.    Deliriu
7.    Dehidrasim
8.    Asidosis metabolic

MANIFESTASI KLINIK/ TANDA DAN GEJALA
Gejala penyakit pneumonia biasanya didahului infeksi saluran nafas atas akut selama beberapa hari. Selain didapatkan demam, menggigil, suhu tubuh meningkat dapat mencapai 40 derajat celsius, sesak nafas, nyeri dada, dan batuk dengan dahak kental, terkadang dapat berwarna merah karat (untuk streptococcus pneumoniae), merah muda (untuk staphylococcus aureus), atau kehijauan dengan bau khas (untuk pseudomonas aeruginosa). Pada sebagian penderita juga ditemui gejala lain seperti nyeri perut, kurang nafsu makan, dan sakit kepala.
Tanda dan Gejala berupa :
1.    Batuk nonproduktif
2.    Ingus (nasal discharge)
3.    Suara napas lemah
4.    Retraksi intercosta
5.    Penggunaan otot bantu nafas
6.    Demam
7.    Krekels
8.    Cyanosis
9.    Leukositosis
10.    Thorax photo menunjukkan infiltrasi melebar
11.    Batuk
12.    Sakit kepala
13.    Kekakuan dan nyeri otot
14.    Sesak nafas
15.    Menggigil
16.    Berkeringat
17.    Lelah.

Gejala lainnya yang mungkin ditemukan :
a.    Kulit yang lembab
b.    Mual dan muntah
c.    Kekakuan sendi.

PENATALAKSANAAN PNEUMONIA
1.    Kemoterapi
Pemberian kemoterapi harus berdasarkan pentunjuk penemuan kuman penyebab infeksi (hasil kultur sputum dan tes sensitivitas kuman terhadap antibodi). Bila penyakitnya ringan antibiotik diberikan secara oral, sedangkan bila berat diberikan secara parenteral. Apabila terdapat penurunan fungsi ginjal akibat proses penuaan, maka harus diingat kemungkinan penggunaan antibiotik tertentu perlu penyesuaian dosis (Harasawa, 1989).
2.    Pengobatan Umum
a.    Terapi Oksigen
b.    Hidrasi
Bila ringan hidrasi oral, tetapi jika berat hidrasi dilakukan secara parenteral
3.    Fisioterapi
Penderita perlu tirah baring dan posisi penderita perlu diubah-ubah untuk menghindari pneumonia hipografik, kelemahan dan dekubitus.

3 komentar:

  1. S128Cash adalah Situs Bandar Judi Online Teraman dan Terpercaya yang menggunakan sistem Terbaik agar Anda semua dapat bermain dengan Santai dan Nyaman.
    Hanya dengan minimal Deposit Rp 25.000,- Anda sudah dapat menikmati semua permainan yang tersedia.
    Berikut permainannya :
    - Sportsbook
    - Live Casino
    - Sabung Ayam Online
    - IDN Poker
    - Slot Games Online
    - Tembak Ikan Online
    - Klik4D

    S128Cash juga menyediakan Bonus-bonus Menarik yang sangat mudah untuk didapatkan, seperti :
    - BONUS NEW MEMBER 10%
    - BONUS DEPOSIT SETIAP HARI 5%
    - BONUS CASHBACK 10%
    - BONUS 7x KEMENANGAN BERUNTUN !!

    Customer Service disini siap melayani Anda 24 Jam NONSTOP !!
    Jadi, jika ada yang kurang dimengerti bisa langsung hubungi kami melalui :
    - Livechat : Live Chat Judi Online
    - WhatsApp : 081910053031

    Link Alternatif :
    - http://www.s128cash.biz

    Judi Bola

    Judi Bola 88

    BalasHapus
  2. My name is Donald boykins , and I am here to appreciate Dr Akhigbe for using his herbal medicine to cure my Herpes virus. Is about 3 years and 6 months now I have been living with this virus and it has been a serious problem to me, I was so confused cause i have been taking several drugs to be cured but all of my effort was in vain,one morning I was browsing through the internet then I saw several testimonies about Dr. Akhigbe curing people from Herpes virus and immediately i contacted Dr. Akhigbe on his email: drrealakhigbe@gmail.com, i told him about my troubles and he told me that i must be cured, he gave me some instructions and which i rightly followed. so he prepared a herbal medicine and sent it to me which i used for 2 weeks and i was cured everything was like a dream to me and my Herpes virus was totally gone, dr .Akhigbe, God bless you and give you more power and ability for more cure.I don't know if there is anyone out there suffering for herpes virus or any of these diseases..DIABETES, CANCER,  HIV/AIDS, HERPES HEPATITiS A AND B. FEVER, EPILEPSY, MENINGITIS, DENGUE SCHIZOPHRENIA, PROSTATE, THYROID, BACTERIA, MALARIA, DICK AND BREAST ENLARGEMENT,MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, TUBERCULOSIS, DIARRHEA, POLIO, LOW BLOOD PRESSURE,  INSOMNIA,ARTHMA, LUPUS,  RABIES, JOINT PAIN, STOMACH PAIN, HYPEROPIA, ANTI VIRUS, MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, HEART DISEASE, CHRONIC DISEASE,EPILEPSY, LUPUS, STROKE, SPINAL CORD INJURY, ECZEMA, KIDNEY DISEASE, ACME,  KAWASAKI, BACK PAIN etc. why don't you contact dr.Akhigbe today and be free from your diseases because he is very good and honest Doctor and he is also called the godfather of herbal root contact him via email; drrealakhigbe@gmail.com or whatsApp him on                     +2348025012866
    website https:drrealakhigbe.weebly.comMy name is Donald boykins , and I am here to appreciate Dr Akhigbe for using his herbal medicine to cure my Herpes virus. Is about 3 years and 6 months now I have been living with this virus and it has been a serious problem to me, I was so confused cause i have been taking several drugs to be cured but all of my effort was in vain,one morning I was browsing through the internet then I saw several testimonies about Dr. Akhigbe curing people from Herpes virus and immediately i contacted Dr. Akhigbe on his email: drrealakhigbe@gmail.com, i told him about my troubles and he told me that i must be cured, he gave me some instructions and which i rightly followed. so he prepared a herbal medicine and sent it to me which i used for 2 weeks and i was cured everything was like a dream to me and my Herpes virus was totally gone, dr .Akhigbe, God bless you and give you more power and ability for more cure.I don't know if there is anyone out there suffering for herpes virus or any of these diseases..DIABETES, CANCER,  HIV/AIDS, HERPES HEPATITiS A AND B. FEVER, EPILEPSY, MENINGITIS, DENGUE SCHIZOPHRENIA, PROSTATE, THYROID, BACTERIA, MALARIA, DICK AND BREAST ENLARGEMENT,MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, TUBERCULOSIS, DIARRHEA, POLIO, LOW BLOOD PRESSURE,  INSOMNIA,ARTHMA, LUPUS,  RABIES, JOINT PAIN, STOMACH PAIN, HYPEROPIA, ANTI VIRUS, MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, HEART DISEASE, CHRONIC DISEASE,EPILEPSY, LUPUS, STROKE, SPINAL CORD INJURY, ECZEMA, KIDNEY DISEASE, ACME,  KAWASAKI, BACK PAIN etc. why don't you contact dr.Akhigbe today and be free from your diseases because he is very good and honest Doctor and he is also called the godfather of herbal root contact him via email; drrealakhigbe@gmail.com or whatsApp him on                     +2348025012866
    website https:drrealakhigbe.weebly.com

    BalasHapus
  3. I am here to tell you about a natural remedy that is
    guaranteed to make you wonder why your doctor didn't tell
    you about it. Then, on the other hand, it is pretty obvious
    why your doctor didn't, because that's not his job, is
    it? But, seriously, promise me you won't get too angry
    with your health practitioner, it's really not their
    fault. They can only practice what they're told to
    practice, right?
    When your health is at risk there's no time for Tom
    foolery, you've got to get down to the cause and nip it
    in the bud. So you've been suffering from painful gout
    attacks have you? Well, allow me to give you a new
    perspective on the solution to what plagues you I was once in your shoe until my college friend introduce me to Dr Itua herbal center which cure my hiv/herpes after drinking it for two weeks as instructed, Dr Itua is an africa herbal doctor who has natural power to cure the following diseases: Herpes,Hiv,Hepatitis B,Fibroid,
    Schizophrenia,Cancer,Scoliosis,Fibromyalgia,Fluoroquinolone Toxicity Syndrome Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.Fatal Familial Insomnia Factor V Leiden Mutation ,Epilepsy Dupuytren's disease,Desmoplastic,Diabetes ,Coeliac disease,Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Ataxia,Arthritis,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease,Adrenocortical carcinoma.Asthma,Allergic.
    As Dr Itua assure me that all those disease below that he guaranty 100% permanent cure to all these disease I believe Dr Itua so much because he help me cure my hiv/ herpes which has being my burden in life so I promised Dr Itua that I will testify about his work online after curing me and that is what I'm doing here so please if you are suffering from those diseases do not hesitate to write Dr Itua Herbal Center On Email: drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com Or chat with him on whatsapp:+2348149277967

    BalasHapus