KUMPULAN ARTIKEL BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG RESEARCH DESIGN

RESEARCH DESIGN

A. UNDERSTANDING THE DESIGN RESEARCH

The study design is used as a basis or benchmark in conducting research that the implementation can be run correctly, well and smoothly. the study design has great benefits for research. In the design of the study also explained about the purpose. With the goal of the study researchers have direction and guidance in the research so that research activities be focused on the correct object. The design of the study provides an overview of what should be done and difficulties - difficulties that will be encountered when, a researcher is able to attitudes and decisions research problem. So the research design is a plan, structure and strategy research to answer faced, by seeking impartial optimization between and external validity, by controlling the variance. Can research design is a plan, structure and strategy of research that is intended to answer problems faced by the Balanced Optimization between Internal Validity and aliditasEksternal by Variance Control. ()  Research design called the plan, because it contains a research design Systematic Overall activity which shall be conducted by a researcher.  Research design is referred to as the structure, because it did Structuring Research Design Research, which is reflected in the research design or Paradigm Model Operationalization of Research Variables Identify the type and nature of the variables and the relationship between the variables.  Research design is a strategy, because in the research design contained Procedural Instructions How to Plan can be executed, so the problem is Adequate Research and Variances can be controlled. (Pratiknya, 2007)

Design or design research, strategy basically is to obtain data used for Testing Hypotheses. design with reference to the hypothesis that has been built.
Draft / Design Research, a plan on how to collect data and analyze the data in order to be done In accordance with Economic and Research Objectives.

B. RESEARCH DESIGN CONNECTION WITH PROOF HYPOTHESIS

A research design is important, especially in the proof of the hypothesis, as confirmation of the truth of the hypothesis in order to answer an existing. Of the problems faced by the theory, the facts obtained in the previous study, and assumptions of researchers, developed a theoretical framework that underlies the formulation of hypotheses.
A. Causal relationships forms a causal relationship

a) asymmetric relationship: there are two relationship variables, but there are no mechanisms influence the effect, each is independent Example:

• Coincidence: faculty salaries with rain. both are the result of the factor (independent variable) the same: the relationship between height and weight, both of which are variable depending on the independent variables • indicators of the same concept: The relationship between the two forces of muscle contraction b) symmetrical relationship: the correlation between the two variables, with one variable (independent) variables are affecting the other (high-density lipoprotein levels in the body resulting in atherosclerosis virgin).

c) a reciprocal relationship: the correlation between the two variables influence the mutual. Example: a correlation between malnutrition and mal absorption.

B. validity

Terminology to discuss the validity of the research, at least in two senses, namely related to the measurement and the with the study itself. relating to the validity of three elementssize and gauge method (researcher). The validity of a measure is gauge used to measure characteristics such as by researchers to be measured. Validity of the study had understanding with measurement validity, although the conditions for the validity of the measurement must be met as well There are two kinds of validity of the study are:
1. Internal validity: ikwal validity studies concerning the statement of the extent to which the changes observed in one study (really only happened because of the treatment given and not the influence of other factors (external variable).
2. External validity: subject of the research concerning the question, how far the results of a study can be generalized to the parent population (asalsampel) were taken.
C. BENEFITS DESIGN / DESIGN RESEARCH

Benefits / research design are:

1) Provide a clearer grip to researchers in Design / Design Research, among others, to think about:

Population, Sampling Methods Selected, Large Sample, Data Collection Procedure, Method - How to Data Analysis, Statistics Using the Right, How to Take Conclusions etc..
2) Determine the Limit - Limit Research related to objective research. If the purpose of research is not clearly defined, the research No End - hilt. By formulating a clear research goal, it can be prepared a research design that determines the limits of the Decisive research, so researchers can focus attention and efforts towards the real goal is more Effective. And researchers to know when work / research is complete.

3) Provide a clear picture of what to do and picture of the difficulties - difficulties which will Thus, it is conceivable manner - how to overcome difficulties - difficulties in advance.
D. RESEARCH DESIGN COMPONENTS

3 components are generally in the design of the study are:

First: Research Objectives

the definition of the research goal is the end result of the study sendiri.Fungsi research purposes, in addition to directing the research process, as well dapatdijadikan benchmark for the success of research. Research purposes can be expressed robin research questions (research questions) and also the hypothesis or research

Second: This type of research will be applied

Several types of research that is widely used in the administration or management science is descriptive research, correlational, experimental. Descriptive research aims to provide an overview of the phenomenon under study as it is, however, a complete and detailed. One example that a lot of descriptive research is the assessment of attitudes or opinions of individual, organization, event, or work procedures. Some examples of research questions that tested found the answer through descriptive research is as follows:

• How managers spend his time?

• What is the attitude of the employees work schedule "flex-time"?

• How do organizations conduct employee selection process?

• How can coordination between departments within the organization?

Third: The unit of analysis or population.

For example, want to know the satisfaction of employees, the individual unit employees. want to know the performance of inter-departmental or group the unit of analysis is the group. want to measure the quality of service X office, then is organization. Object instance judge the quality of infant milk powder, then its unit of analysis is the product, in the form of baby milk.
Fourth: Range research time

· One shot or cross section studies, data were collected only once.
· Longitudinal studies, data were collected in a specific time period. For example, to examine the discipline, researchers observed for six months

Fifth: The sampling technique

In general, there are two techniques, namely sampling probabilistic and non-probabilistic, or random and non-random. In a random sample, among others, there is a simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, area sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling among others are accidental sampling, sampling, snow-ball sampling, purposive sampling. All of these techniques are discussed in more depth in the sampling technique. Sixth: Data Collection Techniques
We know some of the techniques of data collection, interviews, questionnaires, observation, and documentation. A study can only rely on a single method of data collection, but can also combine them. For example, to search for data of variable work motivation using a questionnaire, while the data for income, wages, or wages, using observation techniques.
Seventh: The operational definition of research variables

For quantitative research, this step is absolutely necessary. The definition of operational  variable is an attempt to reduce abstraction concept research, so that it can be measured. Some term indicators. For example, to measure employee discipline, frequency accuracy for work, regulatory compliance, etc.. To determine the yields, calculated by the comparison between the results
Eighth: Measurement of research variables

Type of measurement scale for each variable with research note is useful to set a formula or calculations, for nominal scale variables calculated may not mean that there measurement nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Ninth: Data analysis techniques

Before the data is analyzed, processed first. Known then the editing process, coding, master table, and others. Includes data analysis activities validity measure, the mean, standard deviation, correlation, frequency distribution, hypothesis testing, forth.

Tenth: Instrument Data Search

There are some tools known as the makers tool data in social research / business. Such tools include interviews, questionnaires or questionnaire, observation, documentation E.LANGKAH

STEP DESIGN RESEARCH

according (1989) rare-rare research include:

1. Formulate and issue

2. Conduct library research

3. Formulate hypotheses

4. Specify the model to test the hypothesis

5. Collecting the data

6. Compile, Analyze, and Develop intervention

7. Make generalizations and conclusions

8. Making scientific reports

RESEARCH DESIGN

Describes the research design "which departs from and move towards where". A study design, at least (Mohammad Ali, 1982: 72-73), as follows

1. Includes all the activities that will be carried out including problems, goals, both data sources are available or will be obtained, time, facilities, infrastructure, etc..
2. Arranged in a logical and systematic way to provide convenience for implementation and for others who want to do research.

3. Should as far as possible limit the matters relating to the data, facilities and infrastructure.
4. Must be able to estimate the extent to which the results are to be obtained, -effort possible to obtain results effectively and efficiently.