ANTROPOSFER
Load dependence of rate= Population age (0-14)+Population old age(> 65)x100
Adult population (15-64)
For example:The results of the census in 2000, data population of East Java Province. The number of young people aged 0-14 years as many as 825 855 people, aged 15-64 years as many as 1,384,513 people, and age> 64 years as many as 23 162 inhabitants. Ketergantugan load figures are the province of East Java
Load dependence of rate = 1,384,513 + 825 855 x 100
1,384,513
Load dependence of rate = 61 322
That is, every 100 productive age population in East Java, bear the brunt of the economic needs of approximately 61 individuals age unproductive.
3) Sex ratioSex Ratio = Number of male population X 100
The number of female residents
For example:The results of the 2000 population census, population data of East Java Province.Age population amounted to 1.17116 million male and female population of the soul as much as 1.06237 million inhabitants. Sex ratio is
Sex Ratio = 1.17116 million X 100
1.06237 million
Sex ration = 110.2403
That is, every 100 women there were 110 resident male population. The figure shows the male population more than the female population.
Sex Ratio at and more than 100, then describe: first, low growth rates and, second, developed countries or industry; third, higher welfare or prosperity; fourth, PCI (income per capita) is high. If the same sex ratio and less than 100, then describe: First, the high population numbers; second, usually found in third world countries or poor countries or the NSB; Third, low welfare; Fourth, PCI (per capita income) is
low.per capita income = GNP
P
For example: Esti-income families Rp 1,000,000 per month by the number of family members of five people. Then the per capita income .........
GNP = 12 X 1,000,000 = Rp 12,000,000
Per capita income = GNP = 12,000,000 = 2,400,000
P 5
4) The composition of the population, consisting of:a. Biological criteria (composition by age and gender) influence: First, the receipt tor young people (aged 0-14 years) have not been productive; Second, the age structure of adult (age 15-64 years) age; Third, the structure of the elderly population (age more than 64 years). Based on the age and species composition:
i. Pyramid of expansive 1, the characteristics of which are: high birth rates, aging very little because of high mortality, low life expectancy. The characteristics of the developing countries.
ii. Expansive 2 pyramid, the characteristics of which are: high birth rates, death rates declined, life expectancy increased.
iii. Stationary pyramid (Granat Pyramid), characteristics which are: declining birth rates, death rates declining, aging population increases, life expectancy increased.
iv. Constructive pyramid (Pyramid Adult), the characteristics are: low birth rates, death rates lace, rising dependency rates, life expectancy increased.
b. Population density is expressed in three sizes (density), ie the average number of residents in a particular area and time.
1. Arithmetic density (Without looking at the quality of the soil). The population density criterion: 0-50, the population density is not solid; 51-250, the population density is less dense; 251-400, dense population density, and more than 400, the population density is very dense.
POPULATION DENSITY = Total population (in spirit)
Surface area (in square kilometers / km2)
Example:Based on population data of 2006, the number of East Java province was 225 million people of East Java area is 1.87 million square kilometers. Artimatika population density is ...........
Population density = 225 million = 120.97 souls
(Sumber pertama:Samadi. 2010. Geography For Senior High School.Jakarta:Yudhistira. ; Sumber kedua:Ms. Retno dan Ms. Mita, Geografi Teach, for class XI IPS semester 1.; Sumber Ketiga:Akhwan, Nur Hasan. Geografi Lembak Kerja dan Tugas Siswa untuk SMA Kelas XI a.Surabaya:Bintang Karya.)
A. Antroposfer berkaintan dengan sumber daya manusia. Sumber Daya Manusia yaitu segala potensi dan kemampuan yang dapat dimanfaatkan bagi kepentingan serta kelangsungan hidup manusia itu sendiri.
Pendudukan dapat dilihat secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif:
a) Aspek Kuantitatif sumber daya manusia meliputi jumlah penduduk, persebaran penduduk, komposisi penduduk, pertumbuhan penduduk.
b) Aspek kualitatif sumber daya manusia meliputi tingkat pendidikan, tingkat kesehatan, dan social ekonomi.
B. Problematika kependudukan di Indonesia
a) Angka pertumbujan penduduk tinggi
b) Arus urbanisasi tinggi
c) Kualitas penduduk rendah
d) Persebara penduduk tidak merata
e) Komposisi penduduk tidak menguntungkan, terbagi atas jenis: pertama, jenis gender, dibagi lagi menjadi: laki-laki dan perempuan; Kedua, usia, terbagi atas, umur 0 tahun sampai umur 14 tahun, umur 15 tahun sampai umur 64 tahun, umur lebih dari 64 tahun.
C. Menurut Emil Salmi, peningkatan kualitas hidup melalui: Pertama, pembatasan jumlah anak (Program Keluarga Berencana); Kedua, peningkatan pendidikan, kesehatanm, arprasana, GNP (Pei), kegiatan olahraga; Ketiga, peningkatan pola makanan bergizi; Keempat, pembatasan usia perkawinan (pernikahan harus usia matang).
D. Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia dapat di lihat dari segi:
1) Jumlah dan persebaran penduduk
a) Sensus, yakni pencacahan mengenai pengumpulan, pengolahan data, pengidentifikasi, penyajian cirri-ciri social, ekonomi, demografi dan lingkungan. Sensus ada dua yakni: Pertama, Sensus de Yure, yakni proses pencacahan berdasarkan hukum dan dikenakan bagi mereka yang berdiam di daeah atau Negara bersangkutan. Kesulitannya apabila seorang mempunyai dua tempat tinggal di tempat yang bukan tempat tinggalnya; Kedua, Sensus de Facto, yakni proses pencacahan berdasarkan fakta atau riil dan dikenakan kepada setiap orang yang pada waktu diadakan sensus berada di daerah atau Negara yang bersangkutan. Kesulitannya tidak dapat mengetahui penyebaran penduduk yang sebenarnya dari daerah tersebut. Metode sensus dibagi menjadi dua yakni: Pertama, meotde house holder adalah metode sensus dengan cara memberikan instrument (angket) format data kependudukan kepada anggota keluarga untuk mengisi instrument tersebut. Kelemahannya yakni bagi yang buta huruf sangat sulit untuk menulis; Kedua, metode canvasser, yakni metode sensus dengan cara petugas sensus mengisi format atau data isian sesuai dengan pertanyaan dan jawaban yang diberikan oleh setiap anggota keluarga (penduduk).
b) Registrasi, proses kegiatan pemerintahan yang meliputi pencatatan kelahiran, kematian, pernikahan, perceraian, perubahan tempat tinggal (mutasi), perubahan pekerjaan.
c) Survey, proses kegiatan pemerintahan mengenai data statistic kependudukan yang menyangkut meliputi sifat perilaku penduduk secara acak atau sampel. Misalnya: survey ekonomi, survey angkatan kerja atau tenaga kerja.
2) Komposisi, pengelompokan berdasarkan karakter tertentu (usia, jenis kelamin, mata pencaharian). Manfaatnya yakni: mengetahui angkatan kerja, mengetahui angkatan ketergantungan, mengetahui penduduk wanita usia subur atau fekunditas, mengetahui angka harapan hidup.
Usia (dalam tahun) | 0-14 | Belum produktif |
15-64 | Produktif | |
Ø 64 | Lansia |
Angka Beban ketergantungan = Penduduk usia muda (0-14) + Penduduk usia tua (> 65) x 100
Penduduk usia dewasa (15-64)
Contohnya:
Hasil sensus pada tahun 2000, data penduduk Provinsi Jawa Timur. Jumlah penduduk usia muda 0-14 tahun sebanyak 825.855 jiwa, usia 15-64 tahun sebanyak 1.384.513 jiwa, dan usia >64 tahun sebanyak 23.162 jiwa. Angka beban ketergantugan provinsi Jawa Timur adalah
Angka Beban Ketergantungan =825.855 + 1.384.513 x 100
1.384.513
Angka Beban Ketergantungan = 61.322
Artinya, setiap 100 penduduk usia produktif di Jawa Timur menanggung beban kebutuhan ekonomi terhadap sekitar 61 orang usia tidak produktif.
3) Sex ratio
Sex Ratio =Banyaknya penduduk laki-laki X 100
Banyaknya penduduk perempuan
Contohnya:
Hasil sensus penduduk tahun 2000, data penduduk Provinsi Jawa Timur. Penduduk usia laki-laki berjumlah 1.171.160 jiwa dan penduduk perempuan sebanyak 1.062.370 jiwa. Sex ratio adalah
Sex Ratio =1.171.160 X 100
1.062.370
Sex Ration = 110,2403
Artinya, setiap 100 penduduk perempuan terdapat 110 penduduk laki-laki. Angka tersebut menunjukkan penduduk laki-laki lebih banyak dari pada penduduk perempuan.
Sex Ratio sama dan lebih dari 100, maka menggambarkan: pertama, angka pertumbuhan rendah; kedua, Negara-negara maju atau industry; ketiga, kesejahteraan atau kemakmuran lebih tinggi; keempat, PCI (Pendapatan per kapita) tinggi. Jika sex ratio sama dan kurang dari 100, maka menggambarkan: Pertama, angka penduduk tinggi; kedua, biasanya terdapat pada Negara dunia ketiga atau NSB atau Negara miskin; Ketiga, kesejahteraan rendah; Keempat, PCI (Pendapatan per kapita) rendah.
Pendapatan per kapita =GNP
P
Contohnya; Keluarga Esti berpenghasilan Rp 1,000,000 per bulan dengan jumlah anggota keluarga 5 orang. Maka pendapatan perkapitanya………
GNP =12 X Rp 1,000,000 =12,000,000
Pendapatan per kapita =GNP = 12,000,000 = 2,400,000
P 5
4) Komposisi Penduduk, terbagi atas:
a. Kriteria Biologis (Komposisi menurut umur dan jenis kelamin) mempengaruhi: Pertama, struk tor penduduk muda (umur 0-14 tahun) belum produktif; Kedua, struktur usia dewasa (umur 15-64 tahun) usia produktif; Ketiga, struktur penduduk tua (umur lebih dari 64 tahun). Berdasarkan komposisi umur dan jenis:
i. Piramida ekspansif 1, ciri-ciri yakni: angka kelahiran tinggi, usia tua sangat sedikit karena angka kematian tinggi, angka harapan hidup rendah. Ciri-ciri Negara sedang berkembang.
(Gambar 1, Piramida ekspansif 1)
ii. Piramida ekspansif 2, ciri-ciri yakni:angka kelahiran tinggi, angka kematian menurun, angka harapan hidup meningkat.
(Gambar 2, Piramida Ekspansif 2)
iii. Piramida stasioner (Piramidda Granat), ciri-ciri yakni:angka kelahiran menurun, angka kematian menurun, penduduk usia tua bertambah, angka harapan hidup meningkat.
(Gambar 3, piramida stasioner)
iv. Piramida Konstruktif (Piramida Dewasa), ciri-ciri yakni:angka kelahiran rendah, angka kematian renda, angka ketergantungan meningkat, angka harapan hidup meningkat.
(Gambar 4, piramida konstruktif)
b. Kepadatan penduduk dinyatakan dengan tiga ukuran (Densitas), yakni jumlah penduduk rata-rata dalam luas tertentu dan waktu tertentu.
1. Densitas Aritmatika (Tanpa melihat kualitas tanah). Kriteria kepadatan penduduk yakni: 0-50, kepadatan penduduk tidak padat; 51-250, kepadatan penduduk kurang padat; 251-400, kepadatan penduduk padat; dan lebih dari 400, kepadatan penduduk sangat padat.
KEPADATAN PENDUDUK =Jumlah penduduk (dalam jiwa)
Luas wilayah (dalam kilo meter persegi/ km2)
Contoh:
Berdasarkan data kependudukan tahun 2006, jumlah provinsi Jawa Timur adalah 225 juta jiwa dan luas daratan Jawa Timur adalah 1,87 juta kilo meter persegi. Kepadatan penduduk artimatika adalah………..
Kepadatan Penduduk =225,000,000 = 120.97 jiwa
1,860,000
2. Kepadatan penduduk fisiologis
Kepadatan Penduduk Fisiologis =Jumlah penduduk (dalam jiwa)
Luas lahan agraris (dalam kilo meter persegi / km2)
3. Kepadatan penduduk agraris
Kepadatan penduduk agraris =Jumlah penduduk petani (dalam jiwa)
Luas lahan agraris (dalam kilo meter persegi/ km2)
Contoh:
Berdasarkan data kependudukan tahun 2000 jumlah penduduk Jawa Timur yang bekerja sebagai petani adalah 40,6 juta jiwa dan luas lahan pertanian Jawa Timur adalah 535,000 kilo meter persegi. Kepadatan penduduk agraris Jawa Timur adalah………..
Kepadatan Penduduk Agraris =40,600,000 =75.88
535,000
Artinya, setiap 1 kilo meters lahan pertanian di Jawa Timur terdapat 75, 88 jiwa yang bekerja sebagai petani.
E. Tingkat Pendidikan
Melek huruf =Penduduk ≥ 10 tahun melek huruf
1,000 penduduk usia ≥ 10 tahun
Tingkat pendidikan yang ditamatkan; status usia sekolah, presentase penduduk berusia lima tahun ke atas yang masih sekolah.
F. Pertumbuhan penduduk
Tingkat kelahiran Kasar (CBR) =Jumlah kelahiran X 1,000
Jumlah penduduk
Kriteria: Pertama, kurang, tingkat kelahirannya kurang dari 20 per 1,000; Kedua, sedang, 20-30 per 1,000; Ketiga, tinggi, lebih dari 30 per 1,000.
Contoh:
Hasil sensus penduduk 2000 menunjukkan data-data provinsi Jawa Timur sebagai berikut: Jumlah kelahiran tahun 1995 sebanyak 25,000 jiwa sedangkan jumlah penduduk pertengahan tahun 1 juta jiwa. Tingkat kelahiran kasar adalah………….
Tingkat kelahiran kasar (CBR) =25,000 X1,000 = 25
1,0000,000
Jadi, criteria tingkat kelahiran kasar adalah sedang (20-30 per 1,000)
G. Tingkat kelahiran khusus (ASFR), banyaknya kelahiran setiap 1,000 wanita pada kelompok umur tertentu.
Tingkat kelahiran khusus =Jumlah wanita yang melahirkan pada umur tertentu X 1,000
Jumlah penduduk wanita pada umur tertentu
Contoh:
Hasil sensus penduduk 2000 menunjukkan data Provinsi Jawa Timur. Jumlah penduduk pada pertengahan tahun 1995 sebanyak 1,000,000 jiwa, jumlah penduduk perempuan usia (15-19) pada pertengahan 1995 sebanyak 5,000 jiwa, dan jumlah kelahiran pada usia (15-19) sebanyak 150 jiwa. Tingkat kelahiran kelompok umur Provinsi Jawa Timur adalah
Tingkat Kelahiran khusus (ASFR) =150 X 1,000 = 30
5,000
Artinya, tingkat kelahiran kelompok umur di provinsi Jawa Timur pada tahun 1995 adalah 30 jiwa setiap 1,000 penduduk perempuan yang umurnya 15-19 tahun.
A. Tingkat Kematian (Moralitas), angka yang menunjukkan angka kematian per seribu penduduk pada jumlah penduduk per seribu penduduk pada jumlah penduduk pertengahan tahun.
1. Tingkat kematian Kasar (CDR)
Tingkat kematian Kasar (CDR) =Jumlah kematian pada tahun tertentu X k (1000)
Jumlah Penduduk pada pertengahan tahun
Contoh:
Jumlah penduduk Provinsi Jawa Timur pada tahun 2005 adalah 1 juta jiwa. Pada tahun tersebut ada kematian 3.500 jiwa. Angka kematian kasar (CDR) adalah
Tingkat Kematian Kasar (CDR) = 3500 X 1000
1,000,000
Tingkat Kematian Kasar (CDR) = 3,5 jiwa
Artinya, tingkat kematian kasar di Provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2005 adalah 3,5 jiwa setiap 1,000 penduduk. Jadi Kriterianya adlah rendah (<9 jiwa CDR).
Kriteria Tingkat Kematian Kasar (CDR) yakni: Pertama, sangat rendah, jika < 9 jiwa (CDR); Kedua, jika 9-13 jiwa (CDR); Ketiga, jika 14-18 jiwa (CDR); keempat, tinggi, jika >18 jiwa (CDR).
2. Tingkat Kematian menurut Kelompok Umur (ASDR)
Tingkat kematian Menurut Kelompok Umur (ASDR)=Jumlah kematian usia tertentu X1000
Jumlah penduduk usia tertentu
Contohnya:
Jumlah penduduk kota Pacitan tahun 2003 yang berusia 50-70 tahun yakni 6000 jiwa. Tahun tersebut terjadi kematian berusia 50-70 tahun sebanyak 200 jiwa. Tingkat kematian menurut kelompok umur (ASDR) adalah
Tingkat kematian Menurut Kelompok Umur (ASDR)=200 X 1000= 33,33
6000
Jadi, tingkat kematian menurut kelompok umur di kota Pacitan pada tahun 2003 adalah 33,33 jiwa dari setiap 1000 penduduk berusia 50-70 tahun.
3. Tingkat Kematian Bayi (IMR), angka yang menunjukkan berapa jumlah kematian bayi pada seribu orang bayi yang lahir pada tahun tertentu dalam waktu 1 tahun.
Tingkat Kematian Bayi (IMR)=Jumlah kematian penduduk golongan umur 0-1 tahunX 1000
Jumlah kelahiran dalam waktu tertentu
Kriterianya yakni: Pertama, sangat rendah (IMR , 15 per 1000); Kedua, rendah (IMR, 15-35 per 1000); Ketiga, Sedang (IMR, 35-75 per 1000); Keempat, tinggi (IMR, 75-125 per 1000); Kelima, sangat tinggi (IMR >125 per 1000).
Contohnya:
Di kota Wonogiri bayi hidup tahun 1995 sebesar 5000 jiwa sedangkan dari kelahiran tersebut yang meninggal sebanyak 450 jiwa per tahun. Tingkat kematian Bayi (IMR) adalah
Tingkat Kematian Bayi (IMR) =450 X 1000 =90
5000
Jadi angka kematian bayi berkriteria tinggi (IMR, 75-125 per 1000)
B. Laju pertumbuhan Penduduk
1. Proyeksi Penduduk yang akan datang
Proyeksi penduduk =Jumlah penduduk tahun sebelumnya (1+ laju pertumbuhan per tahun)t
Dimana : “t” adalah jangka waktu (dalam banyaknya tahun, umumnya 10 tahun
Contohnya:
Jumlah kota Pacitan tahun 2005 adalah 750,000 jiwa dengan tingkat pertumbuhan alami 1,75 %. Proyeksi jumlah penduduk tahun 2015 adalah
Proyeksi penduduk=750,000 (1+0,0175)10
Proyeksi penduduk=750,000 (1,0175)10
Proyeksi penduduk=750,000 (1,18)
Proyeksi penduduk=885.000
2. Double Time
Doble Time = 70
Pertumbuhan penduduk
Contoh Pertama:
Dari sensus, penduduk kota Pacitan adalah 203,456,005 jiwa. Tahun 2000 dengan tingkat pertumbuhan penduduk 2,25%. Selama berapa tahun menjadi berapa kali lipat? Tahun berapa Kota Pacitan menjadi lipat ganda?
Jawab:
Doble Time =70 = 31,1
2,25
Jadi selama 31 tahun sehingga Kota Pacitan menjadi lipat ganda yakni:2000 +31= 2031
Contoh Kedua:
Pada tahun 2001 jumlah penduduk kota Wonogiri 150 juta jiwa dengan angka pertumbuhan 1,5%. Tahun berapa jumlah penduduk Inddonesia menjadi dua kali lipat? (dengan rumus Doble Time dan Rumus Eksponensial)
Rumus Eksponensial:
n = log 2
log (1+0,015)
n = 0,30
Log 1,015
n = 0,30
0,0065
n =46,2
Rumus Double Time:
Double Time =70 = 70 =46,66= 4,7
r 1,5
MIGRASI
(Gambar 5, bagan migrasi)
A. Faktor Pendorong Urbanisasi, yakni: lahan tandus, fasilitas kurang memadai, upah tenaga kerja rendah.
B. Faktor Penarik Urbanisasi, yakni: fasilitas memadai, kesempatan kerja banyak, upah tenaga kerja tinggi, kota pusat perekonomian dan industry
C. Pengaruh
desa | Kota |
Tidak Berkembang | Menurunnya kualitas penduduk |
Modal pindah ke kota | Degradasi modal |
Penggunaan lahan tidak teratur | Kriminalitas meningkat |
Terdapat Slum Area (Wilayah Kumuh) |
D. Transmigrasi, yakni perpindahan penduduk dari daerah padat ke daerah jarang penduduknya.
1. Transmigrasi umum, yakni transmigrasi yang dibiayai oleh pemerintah.
2. Transmigrasi spontan, yakni trasnmigrasi dibiayai oleh sendiri.
3. Transmigrasi bedol desa, yakni transmigrasi dilakukan karena daerah asal terkena proyek pemerintahan. Misalnya: pembangunan waduk Gajah Mungkur, Wonogiri.
4. Transmigrasi sektoral, yakni transmigrasi lintas departemen, 50% ditanggung oleh daerah asal dan 50% ditanggung oleh daerah tujuan.
E. Rularisasi, yakni perpindahan penduduk dari kota ke desa.
F. Week end, yakni perpindahan rombongan untuk liburan ke luar kota.
G. Commuter, yakni perpindahan penduduk hanya sementaa memenuhi kebutuhan hidup, pengaruh setelah kembali.
H. Outmigrasi, yakni masuknya warga Negara asing ke Negara lain.
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english)
ANTROPOSFER(Source one: Samadi., 2010. Geography For Senior High School.Jakarta: Yudhishthira.; Second source: Ms. Retno and Ms. Mita, Teach Geography, for class XI IPS semester 1.; Sources Third: Akhwan, Nur Hasan. GeographyLembak Work and Duty for High School Students Class XI a.Surabaya: Stars Work.)
A. Antroposfer berkaintan with human resources. Human Resources are all the potential and capabilities that can be utilized for the benefit and human survival itself.The occupation can be seen quantitatively and qualitatively:a) Quantitative aspects of human resources include the total population, population distribution, population composition, population growth.b) qualitative aspects of human resources including education, health, and social economics.
B. The problems of population in Indonesiaa) Figures pertumbujan high populationb) The current high urbanizationc) The quality of low populationd) Persebara uneven populatione) The composition of the population does not benefit, divided into types: first, gender types, subdivided into: male and female; Secondly, age, divided up, age 0 years up to age 14 years, age 15 to age 64 years, age more than 64 years.
C. According to Emil Salmi, improved quality of life through: First, restrictions on the number of children (Family Planning); Second, improvements in education, kesehatanm, arprasana, GNP (Pei), sports activities; Third, improved nutritious diet; Fourth, restrictions on marriage age ( marriage should be a mature age).
D. Quality of Human Resources can be viewed in terms of:
1) The number and distribution of population
a) Census, the enumeration of the collection, processing data, identifier, characteristic presentation of social, economic, demographic and environmental.The census there are two: First, the Census de Yure, the enumeration process of law and subject to those who dwell in the elapsed or the State concerned. The difficulty when one has two residence in a place that is not his residence; Second, the Census de facto, the enumeration process is based on facts or the real and subjected to every person who at the time the census was held in the region or country concerned. The difficulty can not know the actual distribution of the population of the area. Census methods are divided into two: First, the holder is meotde house census method by providing instrument (questionnaire) population data format to a family member to fill the instrument. The disadvantage for the blind that is extremely difficult to write letters; Second, the canvasser method, the method of the census by census officers complete a form or data field in accordance with the questions and the answers given by each family member (resident).
b) Register, the government activities that include birth registration, death, marriage, divorce, change of residence (mutation), a change of job.
c) Survey, the process of government activities on statistical data concerning the population include the nature or behavior of a random population sample. For example: economic survey, labor force surveys or labor.
2) The composition, grouping based on a specific character (age, gender, income). The benefits are: knowing the labor force, force dependence knowing, knowing the population of women of childbearing age or fecundity, know the life expectancy.
A. Antroposfer berkaintan with human resources. Human Resources are all the potential and capabilities that can be utilized for the benefit and human survival itself.The occupation can be seen quantitatively and qualitatively:a) Quantitative aspects of human resources include the total population, population distribution, population composition, population growth.b) qualitative aspects of human resources including education, health, and social economics.
B. The problems of population in Indonesiaa) Figures pertumbujan high populationb) The current high urbanizationc) The quality of low populationd) Persebara uneven populatione) The composition of the population does not benefit, divided into types: first, gender types, subdivided into: male and female; Secondly, age, divided up, age 0 years up to age 14 years, age 15 to age 64 years, age more than 64 years.
C. According to Emil Salmi, improved quality of life through: First, restrictions on the number of children (Family Planning); Second, improvements in education, kesehatanm, arprasana, GNP (Pei), sports activities; Third, improved nutritious diet; Fourth, restrictions on marriage age ( marriage should be a mature age).
D. Quality of Human Resources can be viewed in terms of:
1) The number and distribution of population
a) Census, the enumeration of the collection, processing data, identifier, characteristic presentation of social, economic, demographic and environmental.The census there are two: First, the Census de Yure, the enumeration process of law and subject to those who dwell in the elapsed or the State concerned. The difficulty when one has two residence in a place that is not his residence; Second, the Census de facto, the enumeration process is based on facts or the real and subjected to every person who at the time the census was held in the region or country concerned. The difficulty can not know the actual distribution of the population of the area. Census methods are divided into two: First, the holder is meotde house census method by providing instrument (questionnaire) population data format to a family member to fill the instrument. The disadvantage for the blind that is extremely difficult to write letters; Second, the canvasser method, the method of the census by census officers complete a form or data field in accordance with the questions and the answers given by each family member (resident).
b) Register, the government activities that include birth registration, death, marriage, divorce, change of residence (mutation), a change of job.
c) Survey, the process of government activities on statistical data concerning the population include the nature or behavior of a random population sample. For example: economic survey, labor force surveys or labor.
2) The composition, grouping based on a specific character (age, gender, income). The benefits are: knowing the labor force, force dependence knowing, knowing the population of women of childbearing age or fecundity, know the life expectancy.
Age (in years) | 0-14 | Not productive |
15-64 | Productive | |
Ø 64 | Elderly |
Load dependence of rate= Population age (0-14)+Population old age(> 65)x100
Adult population (15-64)
For example:The results of the census in 2000, data population of East Java Province. The number of young people aged 0-14 years as many as 825 855 people, aged 15-64 years as many as 1,384,513 people, and age> 64 years as many as 23 162 inhabitants. Ketergantugan load figures are the province of East Java
Load dependence of rate = 1,384,513 + 825 855 x 100
1,384,513
Load dependence of rate = 61 322
That is, every 100 productive age population in East Java, bear the brunt of the economic needs of approximately 61 individuals age unproductive.
3) Sex ratioSex Ratio = Number of male population X 100
The number of female residents
For example:The results of the 2000 population census, population data of East Java Province.Age population amounted to 1.17116 million male and female population of the soul as much as 1.06237 million inhabitants. Sex ratio is
Sex Ratio = 1.17116 million X 100
1.06237 million
Sex ration = 110.2403
That is, every 100 women there were 110 resident male population. The figure shows the male population more than the female population.
Sex Ratio at and more than 100, then describe: first, low growth rates and, second, developed countries or industry; third, higher welfare or prosperity; fourth, PCI (income per capita) is high. If the same sex ratio and less than 100, then describe: First, the high population numbers; second, usually found in third world countries or poor countries or the NSB; Third, low welfare; Fourth, PCI (per capita income) is
low.per capita income = GNP
P
For example: Esti-income families Rp 1,000,000 per month by the number of family members of five people. Then the per capita income .........
GNP = 12 X 1,000,000 = Rp 12,000,000
Per capita income = GNP = 12,000,000 = 2,400,000
P 5
4) The composition of the population, consisting of:a. Biological criteria (composition by age and gender) influence: First, the receipt tor young people (aged 0-14 years) have not been productive; Second, the age structure of adult (age 15-64 years) age; Third, the structure of the elderly population (age more than 64 years). Based on the age and species composition:
i. Pyramid of expansive 1, the characteristics of which are: high birth rates, aging very little because of high mortality, low life expectancy. The characteristics of the developing countries.
ii. Expansive 2 pyramid, the characteristics of which are: high birth rates, death rates declined, life expectancy increased.
iii. Stationary pyramid (Granat Pyramid), characteristics which are: declining birth rates, death rates declining, aging population increases, life expectancy increased.
iv. Constructive pyramid (Pyramid Adult), the characteristics are: low birth rates, death rates lace, rising dependency rates, life expectancy increased.
b. Population density is expressed in three sizes (density), ie the average number of residents in a particular area and time.
1. Arithmetic density (Without looking at the quality of the soil). The population density criterion: 0-50, the population density is not solid; 51-250, the population density is less dense; 251-400, dense population density, and more than 400, the population density is very dense.
POPULATION DENSITY = Total population (in spirit)
Surface area (in square kilometers / km2)
Example:Based on population data of 2006, the number of East Java province was 225 million people of East Java area is 1.87 million square kilometers. Artimatika population density is ...........
Population density = 225 million = 120.97 souls
1,860,0002. Physiological population densityPhysiological
Population Density = Total population (in spirit)
Agricultural land area (in square kilometers / km2)
3. Agrarian population density
Agrarian population density = Total population of farmers (in spirit)
Agricultural land area (in square kilometers / km2)
Example:Based on population data of 2000 the population of East Java who worked as a farmer is 40.6 million people and vast agricultural lands of East Java is 535.000 square kilometers. Agrarian population density of East Java is ...........
Population density Agriculture = 40,600,000 = 75.88
535.000
That is, every 1 kilo meters of agricultural land in East Java, there are 75, 88 people who worked as a farmer.
E. Level of Education
Population literacy rate = literate ≥ 10 years
1.000 people aged ≥ 10 years
Educational level attained; status of school age, the percentage of the population aged five years and over who are in school.
F. Population growth
Crude birth rate (CBR) X 1.000 = Number of births
Population
Criteria: First, less, less than the birth rate 20 per 1,000; Second, is, 20-30 per 1.000; Third, higher, more than 30 per 1,000.
Example:
The results of 2000 census data show the province of East Java as follows: Number of births in 1995 as many as 25.000 people, while the mid-year population of 1 million inhabitants. Crude birth rate is .............
Crude birth rate (CBR) = 25.000 X1, 000 = 25
1,0000,000
Thus, the crude birth rate is the criteria being (20-30 per 1,000)
G. Specific birth rates (ASFR), the number of births per 1.000 women in certain age groups.
Specific birth rate = number of women who give birth at a certain age X 1.000
The population of women in certain age
Example:
The results of 2000 census data shows East Java Province. The population in mid-1995 as many as 1,000,000 people, the population of women of childbearing age (15-19) in mid-1995 as many as 5.000 people, and the number of births by age (15-19) as many as 150 people. The birth rate in East Java Provincial age group is
Particular Birth Rate (ASFR) = 150 X 1.000 = 30
5.000
That is, the birth rate age groups in the province of East Java in 1995 was 30 people per 1,000 residents aged 15-19 years old women.
1. Crude death rate (CDR)
Crude death rate (CDR) = Number of deaths in a given year X k (1000)
A. Urbanization Driving factors, namely: barren land, inadequate facilities, low-wage labor.
B. Urbanization Attractor Factor, namely: adequate facilities, employment opportunities are many, higher labor costs, the city center of economy and industry
C. Influence
D. Migration, ie migration from densely to sparsely populated areas.
1. General transmigration, which is funded by the government's transmigration
.2. Spontaneous transmigration, which is financed by its own trasnmigrasi.
3. Bedol transmigration villages, the migration is done because the area affected by the project from the government. For example: the construction of reservoirs Gajah Mungkur, Wonogiri.
4. Sectoral migration, ie migration across departments, 50% is paid by the county of origin and 50% is paid by the destination.
E. Rularisasi, the movement of people from cities to villages.
F. Week end, namely the group to move out of town vacation.
G. Commuter, namely migration sementaa just make ends meet, the effect upon return.
H. Outmigrasi, namely the entry of foreign nationals to another country.
Population Density = Total population (in spirit)
Agricultural land area (in square kilometers / km2)
3. Agrarian population density
Agrarian population density = Total population of farmers (in spirit)
Agricultural land area (in square kilometers / km2)
Example:Based on population data of 2000 the population of East Java who worked as a farmer is 40.6 million people and vast agricultural lands of East Java is 535.000 square kilometers. Agrarian population density of East Java is ...........
Population density Agriculture = 40,600,000 = 75.88
535.000
That is, every 1 kilo meters of agricultural land in East Java, there are 75, 88 people who worked as a farmer.
E. Level of Education
Population literacy rate = literate ≥ 10 years
1.000 people aged ≥ 10 years
Educational level attained; status of school age, the percentage of the population aged five years and over who are in school.
F. Population growth
Crude birth rate (CBR) X 1.000 = Number of births
Population
Criteria: First, less, less than the birth rate 20 per 1,000; Second, is, 20-30 per 1.000; Third, higher, more than 30 per 1,000.
Example:
The results of 2000 census data show the province of East Java as follows: Number of births in 1995 as many as 25.000 people, while the mid-year population of 1 million inhabitants. Crude birth rate is .............
Crude birth rate (CBR) = 25.000 X1, 000 = 25
1,0000,000
Thus, the crude birth rate is the criteria being (20-30 per 1,000)
G. Specific birth rates (ASFR), the number of births per 1.000 women in certain age groups.
Specific birth rate = number of women who give birth at a certain age X 1.000
The population of women in certain age
Example:
The results of 2000 census data shows East Java Province. The population in mid-1995 as many as 1,000,000 people, the population of women of childbearing age (15-19) in mid-1995 as many as 5.000 people, and the number of births by age (15-19) as many as 150 people. The birth rate in East Java Provincial age group is
Particular Birth Rate (ASFR) = 150 X 1.000 = 30
5.000
That is, the birth rate age groups in the province of East Java in 1995 was 30 people per 1,000 residents aged 15-19 years old women.
H. Death rate (morality), the numbers show the death rate per thousand population in total population per thousand inhabitants in the mid-year population.
1. Crude death rate (CDR)
Crude death rate (CDR) = Number of deaths in a given year X k (1000)
Population at mid-year
Example:The population of East Java province in 2005 was 1 million. In 3500 the death of the soul is there. Crude death rate (CDR) is
Crude Death Rate (CDR) = 3500 X 1000
1,000,000
Crude Death Rate (CDR) = 3.5
peopleThat is, the crude death rate in East Java province in 2005 was 3.5 people per 1,000 residents.
The criteria is someone so low (<9 soul CDR).Crude Death Rate criterion (CDR), namely: First, very low, if <9 inhabitants (CDR); Second, if the 9-13 persons (CDR); Third, if 14-18 people (CDR), the fourth, a high, if> 18 people (CDR).
2. Death Rate by Age Group (ASDR)
Mortality rates by Age Group (ASDR) = Number of deaths of certain age X1000
The population of a certain age
For example:
The population of the city in 2003 Pacitan aged 50-70 years ie 6000 inhabitants.Year-old's death occurred as many as 200 people 50-70 years. The death rate by age group (ASDR) isMortality rates by Age Group (ASDR) = 200 X 1000 = 33.33
6000
Thus, the death rate by age group in the town of Pacitan in 2003 was 33.33 per 1000 people of population aged 50-70 years.
3. Infant mortality rate (IMR), a figure that shows how the number of infant deaths in a thousand babies born in a given year within 1 year.
Infant mortality rate (IMR) = number of deaths of 0-1 age group age 1000
The number of births in a given time
The criteria are: First, very low (IMR, 15 per 1000); Second, the low (IMR, 15-35 per 1000); Third, Medium (IMR, 35-75 per 1000); Fourth, high (IMR, 75-125 per 1000); Fifth, very high (IMR> 125 per 1000).For example:Wonogiri infants living in the city of 5000 souls in 1995 while the birth of the deceased as many as 450 people per year. Infant mortality rate (IMR) is
Infant mortality rate (IMR) = 450 X 1000 = 90
5000
So high criteria infant mortality rate (IMR, 75-125 per 1000)
I. Population growth rate
1. Population projections of the future
Projection of population = Total population the previous year (1 + growth rate per year)t
Where: "t" is the period of time (in number of years, generally 10 years
For example:
Number of Pacitan town in 2005 was 750.000 inhabitants with the natural growth rate of 1.75%. Projections of total population in 2015 wasPopulation projection = 750.000 (1 +0.0175) 10Population projection = 750.000 (1.0175)10
Projections of population = 750,000 (1.18)
Projections of population = 885 0002.
Double TimeDoble Time = 70
Population growth
First example:
From the census, the city population was 203,456,005 souls Pacitan. In 2000 the population growth rate 2.25%. For how many years a number of times as much?What year was the City Pacitan a double fold?
Answer:
Doble Time = 70 = 31.1
2.25
So for 31 years so the City Pacitan a double fold namely: 2000 +31 = 2031
Second example:
In 2001 the population of the city Wonogiri 150 million with growth rate 1.5%.
What year Inddonesia population doubled? (With formula and formula Doble Exponential Time)Exponential formula:
n = log 2
log (1 +0.015)
n = 0.30
1.015 log
n = 0.30
0.0065
n = 46.2
Double Time formula:
Double Time = 70 = 70 = 46.66 = 4.7
r 1.5
Example:The population of East Java province in 2005 was 1 million. In 3500 the death of the soul is there. Crude death rate (CDR) is
Crude Death Rate (CDR) = 3500 X 1000
1,000,000
Crude Death Rate (CDR) = 3.5
peopleThat is, the crude death rate in East Java province in 2005 was 3.5 people per 1,000 residents.
The criteria is someone so low (<9 soul CDR).Crude Death Rate criterion (CDR), namely: First, very low, if <9 inhabitants (CDR); Second, if the 9-13 persons (CDR); Third, if 14-18 people (CDR), the fourth, a high, if> 18 people (CDR).
2. Death Rate by Age Group (ASDR)
Mortality rates by Age Group (ASDR) = Number of deaths of certain age X1000
The population of a certain age
For example:
The population of the city in 2003 Pacitan aged 50-70 years ie 6000 inhabitants.Year-old's death occurred as many as 200 people 50-70 years. The death rate by age group (ASDR) isMortality rates by Age Group (ASDR) = 200 X 1000 = 33.33
6000
Thus, the death rate by age group in the town of Pacitan in 2003 was 33.33 per 1000 people of population aged 50-70 years.
3. Infant mortality rate (IMR), a figure that shows how the number of infant deaths in a thousand babies born in a given year within 1 year.
Infant mortality rate (IMR) = number of deaths of 0-1 age group age 1000
The number of births in a given time
The criteria are: First, very low (IMR, 15 per 1000); Second, the low (IMR, 15-35 per 1000); Third, Medium (IMR, 35-75 per 1000); Fourth, high (IMR, 75-125 per 1000); Fifth, very high (IMR> 125 per 1000).For example:Wonogiri infants living in the city of 5000 souls in 1995 while the birth of the deceased as many as 450 people per year. Infant mortality rate (IMR) is
Infant mortality rate (IMR) = 450 X 1000 = 90
5000
So high criteria infant mortality rate (IMR, 75-125 per 1000)
I. Population growth rate
1. Population projections of the future
Projection of population = Total population the previous year (1 + growth rate per year)t
Where: "t" is the period of time (in number of years, generally 10 years
For example:
Number of Pacitan town in 2005 was 750.000 inhabitants with the natural growth rate of 1.75%. Projections of total population in 2015 wasPopulation projection = 750.000 (1 +0.0175) 10Population projection = 750.000 (1.0175)10
Projections of population = 750,000 (1.18)
Projections of population = 885 0002.
Double TimeDoble Time = 70
Population growth
First example:
From the census, the city population was 203,456,005 souls Pacitan. In 2000 the population growth rate 2.25%. For how many years a number of times as much?What year was the City Pacitan a double fold?
Answer:
Doble Time = 70 = 31.1
2.25
So for 31 years so the City Pacitan a double fold namely: 2000 +31 = 2031
Second example:
In 2001 the population of the city Wonogiri 150 million with growth rate 1.5%.
What year Inddonesia population doubled? (With formula and formula Doble Exponential Time)Exponential formula:
n = log 2
log (1 +0.015)
n = 0.30
1.015 log
n = 0.30
0.0065
n = 46.2
Double Time formula:
Double Time = 70 = 70 = 46.66 = 4.7
r 1.5
MIGRATION
(Figure 5, the chart of migration)
A. Urbanization Driving factors, namely: barren land, inadequate facilities, low-wage labor.
B. Urbanization Attractor Factor, namely: adequate facilities, employment opportunities are many, higher labor costs, the city center of economy and industry
C. Influence
VILLAGE | CITY |
Not Growing | Declining quality of the population |
Capital moved to the city | Degradation of capital |
Irregular land use | Increased crime |
There are Slum Area |
D. Migration, ie migration from densely to sparsely populated areas.
1. General transmigration, which is funded by the government's transmigration
.2. Spontaneous transmigration, which is financed by its own trasnmigrasi.
3. Bedol transmigration villages, the migration is done because the area affected by the project from the government. For example: the construction of reservoirs Gajah Mungkur, Wonogiri.
4. Sectoral migration, ie migration across departments, 50% is paid by the county of origin and 50% is paid by the destination.
E. Rularisasi, the movement of people from cities to villages.
F. Week end, namely the group to move out of town vacation.
G. Commuter, namely migration sementaa just make ends meet, the effect upon return.
H. Outmigrasi, namely the entry of foreign nationals to another country.
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